Micron Document
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-0 vector-toc-not-available vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-0 skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled" lang="de" dir="ltr"><head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<title>Logarithmus</title>
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
<link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="./_res_/favicon.png">
<link rel="canonical" href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logarithmus"> <link href="./_mw_/ext.cite.styles.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css">
<link href="./_mw_/ext.math.styles.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css">
<link href="./_mw_/ext.wikimediamessages.styles.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css">
<link href="./_mw_/mediawiki.page.gallery.styles.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css">
<link href="./_mw_/skins.vector.icons.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css">
<link href="./_mw_/skins.vector.search.codex.styles.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css">
<link href="./_mw_/skins.vector.styles.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css">
<meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content="">
<link href="./_mw_/ext.gadget.citeRef.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css">
<link href="./_mw_/ext.gadget.defaultPlainlinks.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css">
<link href="./_mw_/ext.gadget.dewikiCommonHide.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css">
<link href="./_mw_/ext.gadget.dewikiCommonLayout.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css">
<link href="./_mw_/ext.gadget.dewikiCommonStyle.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css">
<link href="./_mw_/ext.gadget.dewikiDarkmode.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css">
<link href="./_mw_/ext.gadget.dewikiResponsive.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css">
<link href="./_mw_/ext.gadget.specialSearch.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css">
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="./_mw_/site.styles.css">
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="./_mw_/noscript.css">
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="./_res_/footer.css">
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="./_res_/vector-2022.css">
</head>
<body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Logarithmus rootpage-Logarithmus skin-vector-2022 action-view">
<div class="mw-page-container">
<div class="mw-page-container-inner">
<div class="mw-content-container">
<main id="content" class="mw-body">
<header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar">
<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Logarithmus</span></h1>
</header>
<a id="top"></a>
<div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body ve-init-mw-desktopArticleTarget-targetContainer" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container="">
<div id="contentSub">
<div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div>
</div>
<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content mw-content-ltr" lang="de" dir="ltr"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="de" dir="ltr">


<p>Als <b>Logarithmus</b> (Plural: <i>Logarithmen</i>; von <span style="font-style:normal;font-weight:normal"><a href="Altgriechische_Sprache" title="Altgriechische Sprache">altgriechisch</a></span> <span lang="grc-Grek" class="Grek" style="font-style:normal">λόγος</span> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r261937631">
/* start https://de.wikipedia.org/ */


.mw-parser-output .Latn{font-family:"Akzidenz Grotesk","Arial","Avant Garde Gothic","Calibri","Futura","Geneva","Gill Sans","Helvetica","Lucida Grande","Lucida Sans Unicode","Lucida Grande","Stone Sans","Tahoma","Trebuchet","Univers","Verdana"}


/* end https://de.wikipedia.org/ */
</style><span class="Latn" lang="grc-Latn" style="font-weight:normal;font-style:italic">lógos</span>, „Verständnis, Lehre, Verhältnis“, und <span lang="grc-Grek" class="Grek">ἀριθμός</span>, <i>arithmós</i>, „Zahl“) einer Zahl bezeichnet man den <a href="Potenz_(Mathematik)" title="Potenz (Mathematik)">Exponenten</a>, mit dem eine vorher festgelegte Zahl, die <i>Basis</i>, potenziert werden muss, um die gegebene Zahl, den <i>Numerus</i>, zu erhalten. Logarithmen sind zunächst nur für positive reelle Zahlen definiert, auch die Basis muss positiv – und von 1 verschieden – sein.
</p><p>Der Logarithmus einer positiven reellen Zahl <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>x</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/87f9e315fd7e2ba406057a97300593c4802b53e4.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.33ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x}" loading="lazy"></span> zur Basis <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle b}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>b</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle b}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f11423fbb2e967f986e36804a8ae4271734917c3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:0.998ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle b}" loading="lazy"></span> ist also diejenige Zahl <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle y}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>y</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle y}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b8a6208ec717213d4317e666f1ae872e00620a0d.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.155ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle y}" loading="lazy"></span>, welche die Gleichung <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle b^{y}=x}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>b</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>y</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle b^{y}=x}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7b51b8dcca3e64714e2f3aba12bb8c68812f77cc.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:6.475ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle b^{y}=x}" loading="lazy"></span> löst. Man schreibt <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle y=\log _{b}(x)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>y</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mi>log</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>b</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle y=\log _{b}(x)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/2fcc865be8647295906e5c55a978b0df18224d55.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:11.302ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle y=\log _{b}(x)}" loading="lazy"></span>; weitere Notationen siehe <a href="#Bezeichnungen">Bezeichnungen</a>. Das <i>Logarithmieren</i>, d.&nbsp;h. der Übergang von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>x</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/87f9e315fd7e2ba406057a97300593c4802b53e4.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.33ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x}" loading="lazy"></span> zu <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \log _{b}(x)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>log</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>b</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \log _{b}(x)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/8cad5f91f24392d04f1c9324d7154401e1ce3bca.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:7.048ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \log _{b}(x)}" loading="lazy"></span>, ist damit eine <a href="Umkehroperation" title="Umkehroperation">Umkehroperation</a> des <a href="Potenz_(Mathematik)" title="Potenz (Mathematik)">Potenzierens</a>. Die Funktion, die bei gegebener fester Basis <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle b}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>b</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle b}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f11423fbb2e967f986e36804a8ae4271734917c3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:0.998ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle b}" loading="lazy"></span> jeder positiven Zahl ihren Logarithmus zuordnet, nennt man <i>Logarithmusfunktion</i> zur Basis <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle b}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>b</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle b}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f11423fbb2e967f986e36804a8ae4271734917c3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:0.998ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle b}" loading="lazy"></span>.
</p><p>Mit Logarithmen lassen sich sehr stark wachsende Zahlenreihen übersichtlich darstellen, da der Logarithmus für große Zahlen viel langsamer steigt als die Zahlen selbst. Wie die Gleichung <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \log _{b}(x\cdot y)=\log _{b}(x)+\log _{b}(y)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>log</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>b</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi>y</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mi>log</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>b</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>+</mo>
<msub>
<mi>log</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>b</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>y</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \log _{b}(x\cdot y)=\log _{b}(x)+\log _{b}(y)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/470e0b2fe9a367d7796e6d0b4243b2b891e15f63.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:29.744ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \log _{b}(x\cdot y)=\log _{b}(x)+\log _{b}(y)}" loading="lazy"></span> zeigt, kann man durch Logarithmieren eine Multiplikation durch die viel weniger rechenintensive Addition ersetzen. Auch beschreiben Logarithmen auf mathematisch elegante Weise viele technische Prozesse sowie Phänomene der Natur wie etwa das Verhalten einer Halbleiter-<a href="Diode" title="Diode">Diode</a>, die Spirale eines <a href="Schneckenhaus" title="Schneckenhaus">Schneckenhauses</a> oder die <a href="Schalldruckpegel" title="Schalldruckpegel">Wahrnehmung unterschiedlicher Lautstärken</a> durch das menschliche <a href="Ohr" title="Ohr">Ohr</a>.
</p><p>Entsprechende mathematische Berechnungen sind bereits aus der Zeit vor Christi Geburt aus <a href="Indien" title="Indien">Indien</a> überliefert. Der Begriff <i>Logarithmus</i> wurde von <a href="John_Napier" title="John Napier">John Napier</a> im frühen 17.&nbsp;Jahrhundert geprägt. Napier zu Ehren wird der <i>Natürliche Logarithmus</i> (s. u.) manchmal auch <i>Napierscher Logarithmus</i> oder <i>Neperscher Logarithmus</i> genannt.
</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Überblick"><span id=".C3.9Cberblick"></span>Überblick</h2></div>
<p>Die Verwendung des Logarithmus lässt sich bis in die <a href="Geschichte_Indiens" title="Geschichte Indiens">indische Antike</a> zurückverfolgen. Mit dem aufstrebenden Bankwesen und dem Fortschritt der <a href="Astronomie" title="Astronomie">Astronomie</a> im Europa des 17. Jahrhunderts erlangte der Logarithmus immer mehr Bedeutung. Seine Funktionswerte wurden in Tabellenwerken, den <a href="Logarithmentafel" title="Logarithmentafel">Logarithmentafeln</a>, erfasst, um sie nachschlagen zu können und nicht immer neu berechnen zu müssen. Diese Tabellen wurden schließlich durch <a href="Rechenschieber" title="Rechenschieber">Rechenschieber</a> und später durch <a href="Taschenrechner" title="Taschenrechner">Taschenrechner</a> verdrängt. Der Wechsel von den Tabellen zum Rechenschieber erfolgte in deutschen Schulen in den 1960er Jahren, der Wechsel zu Taschenrechnern ab den 1970er Jahren.
</p><p>Zentrale Aspekte des Lebens lassen sich mit Hilfe von Logarithmen beschreiben. So nimmt zum Beispiel die Stärke eines Sinneseindrucks in Abhängigkeit von einer physikalischen Größe wie Helligkeit oder Lautstärke entsprechend dem Verlauf einer Logarithmusfunktion zu. Gleiches gilt für die wahrgenommene <a href="Tonh%C3%B6he" title="Tonhöhe">Tonhöhe</a> in Abhängigkeit von der <a href="Frequenz" title="Frequenz">Frequenz</a> eines Tones.
</p><p>Logarithmen erlangten ihre historische Bedeutung durch den Zusammenhang
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \log(xy)=\log x+\log y,}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>log</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mi>y</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>log</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>log</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mi>y</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \log(xy)=\log x+\log y,}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/78b7f24ed14a7c221b2560041873b1203b1d99ad.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:23.055ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \log(xy)=\log x+\log y,}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>der es erlaubt, eine Multiplikation durch eine <a href="Addition" title="Addition">Addition</a> auszudrücken.
</p><p>Formal sind Logarithmen alle <a href="L%C3%B6sung_(Mathematik)" title="Lösung (Mathematik)">Lösungen</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>x</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/87f9e315fd7e2ba406057a97300593c4802b53e4.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.33ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x}" loading="lazy"></span> der Gleichung
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle a=b^{x}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>a</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<msup>
<mi>b</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>x</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle a=b^{x}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/2e0d41999490d3b78bd442fda1a94d3f1e12a8f2.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:6.498ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle a=b^{x}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>zu vorgegebenen Größen <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle a}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>a</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle a}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ffd2487510aa438433a2579450ab2b3d557e5edc.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.23ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle a}" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle b}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>b</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle b}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f11423fbb2e967f986e36804a8ae4271734917c3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:0.998ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle b}" loading="lazy"></span>.
</p><p>Je nachdem, über welchem Zahlenbereich und für welche Größen diese <a href="Gleichung" title="Gleichung">Gleichung</a> betrachtet wird, hat sie keine, mehrere oder genau eine Lösung. Ist die Lösung eindeutig, dann wird sie als <i>der Logarithmus von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle a}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>a</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle a}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ffd2487510aa438433a2579450ab2b3d557e5edc.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.23ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle a}" loading="lazy"></span> zur Basis <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle b}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>b</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle b}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f11423fbb2e967f986e36804a8ae4271734917c3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:0.998ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle b}" loading="lazy"></span></i> bezeichnet und man schreibt
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x=\log _{b}a}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mi>log</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>b</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mi>a</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x=\log _{b}a}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/bec902f865f26383f8c77e34f34e7339c194645d.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:9.954ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x=\log _{b}a}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Beispielsweise ist der Logarithmus von 8 zur Basis 2 gleich 3, geschrieben <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \log _{2}8=3}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>log</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mn>8</mn>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>3</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \log _{2}8=3}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/14c1ab64d9d4cb32420b536eef6b97470df488d2.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:9.836ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \log _{2}8=3}" loading="lazy"></span>, denn es ist <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 2^{3}=8}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mn>2</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>8</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 2^{3}=8}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/bb2dded8eba905e4a019b70abad935422b198db4.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:6.478ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 2^{3}=8}" loading="lazy"></span>.
</p><p>Falls die obige Gleichung nach <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle b}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>b</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle b}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f11423fbb2e967f986e36804a8ae4271734917c3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:0.998ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle b}" loading="lazy"></span> aufzulösen ist anstatt nach <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>x</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/87f9e315fd7e2ba406057a97300593c4802b53e4.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.33ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x}" loading="lazy"></span>, so ist die Lösung gegeben durch die <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>x</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/87f9e315fd7e2ba406057a97300593c4802b53e4.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.33ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x}" loading="lazy"></span>-te <a href="Wurzel_(Mathematik)" title="Wurzel (Mathematik)">Wurzel</a> aus <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle a}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>a</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle a}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ffd2487510aa438433a2579450ab2b3d557e5edc.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.23ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle a}" loading="lazy"></span>.
</p><p>Am bekanntesten und am weitesten verbreitet ist der Logarithmus über den positiven <a href="Reelle_Zahl" title="Reelle Zahl">reellen Zahlen</a>, der im Folgenden vornehmlich dargestellt wird.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geschichte">Geschichte</h2></div>

<p><a href="Indische_Mathematik" class="mw-redirect" title="Indische Mathematik">Indische Mathematiker</a> im 2.&nbsp;Jahrhundert v.&nbsp;Chr. haben als Erste Logarithmen erwähnt. Schon in der <a href="Antike" title="Antike">Antike</a> nutzten sie Logarithmen zur Basis&nbsp;2 für ihre Berechnungen. Im 8.&nbsp;Jahrhundert beschrieb der indische Mathematiker Virasena Logarithmen zur Basis&nbsp;3 und 4. Ab dem 13.&nbsp;Jahrhundert wurden von arabischen Mathematikern ganze logarithmische Tabellenwerke erstellt.
</p><p><a href="Nicolas_Chuquet" title="Nicolas Chuquet">Nicolas Chuquet</a> arbeitete klar die Rechengesetze für Potenzen <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle a^{n}\cdot a^{m}=a^{n+m}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>m</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>=</mo>
<msup>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>m</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle a^{n}\cdot a^{m}=a^{n+m}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/2276f9eaf1def104dca1973d9209062b356db428.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:15.3ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle a^{n}\cdot a^{m}=a^{n+m}}" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle (a^{n})^{m}=a^{n\cdot m}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msup>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
<msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>m</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>=</mo>
<msup>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi>m</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle (a^{n})^{m}=a^{n\cdot m}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e2e99707189b3cd1dce292facdf42d46870454c6.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:13.38ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle (a^{n})^{m}=a^{n\cdot m}}" loading="lazy"></span> heraus durch eine gegenüberstellende Anordnung einer arithmetischen und einer geometrischen Reihe.
</p><p>Der deutsche Mathematiker <a href="Michael_Stifel" title="Michael Stifel">Michael Stifel</a> formulierte ähnlich im Jahr 1544 die Beziehungen <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle q^{m}\cdot q^{n}=q^{m+n}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>q</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>m</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>q</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>=</mo>
<msup>
<mi>q</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>m</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle q^{m}\cdot q^{n}=q^{m+n}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a0d3e1142dd4ae27c7d05ff5e957f40d9d0597a3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:14.849ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle q^{m}\cdot q^{n}=q^{m+n}}" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\tfrac {q^{m}}{q^{n}}}=q^{m-n}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mfrac>
<msup>
<mi>q</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>m</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
<msup>
<mi>q</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mfrac>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<msup>
<mi>q</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>m</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\tfrac {q^{m}}{q^{n}}}=q^{m-n}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/baae033926002b920b18724f96a21483cdabfd77.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.505ex; width:11.053ex; height:4.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\tfrac {q^{m}}{q^{n}}}=q^{m-n}}" loading="lazy"></span> neben anderen Autoren des 16.&nbsp;Jahrhunderts. Die Reduktion von Multiplikation auf Addition steht neben trigonometrischen Additionsformeln am Beginn der Entwicklung der Logarithmen.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Stifel ließ nur ganzzahlige Exponenten zu. <a href="John_Napier" title="John Napier">John Napiers</a> (1550–1617) Idee war dagegen, einen <a href="Stetig" class="mw-redirect" title="Stetig">stetigen</a> Wertebereich für die Exponenten zuzulassen.
</p><p>Im 17.&nbsp;Jahrhundert entwickelte der Schweizer Uhrmacher <a href="Jost_B%C3%BCrgi" title="Jost Bürgi">Jost Bürgi</a> (1552–1632) ein neues System zur Berechnung von Logarithmen, das er 1620 nach langer Arbeit veröffentlichte. Aber schon vorher, im Jahre 1614, veröffentlichte der schottische Denker <a href="John_Napier" title="John Napier">John Napier</a> ein Buch über Logarithmen,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> das ihn als „Erfinder der Logarithmen“ berühmt machte. Ihre Arbeiten und Erkenntnisse über Logarithmen entwickelten Bürgi und Napier jedoch unabhängig voneinander.
</p><p>Das griechische Wort „Logarithmus“ bedeutet auf Deutsch „Verhältniszahl“ und stammt von Napier. Es gilt nämlich: Genau dann steht <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle a}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>a</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle a}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ffd2487510aa438433a2579450ab2b3d557e5edc.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.23ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle a}" loading="lazy"></span> zu <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle b}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>b</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle b}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f11423fbb2e967f986e36804a8ae4271734917c3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:0.998ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle b}" loading="lazy"></span> im selben Verhältnis wie <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle c}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>c</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle c}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/86a67b81c2de995bd608d5b2df50cd8cd7d92455.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.007ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle c}" loading="lazy"></span> zu <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle d}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>d</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle d}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e85ff03cbe0c7341af6b982e47e9f90d235c66ab.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.216ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle d}" loading="lazy"></span> (als <a href="Mathematische_Formel" class="mw-redirect" title="Mathematische Formel">Formel</a>: <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle a:b=c:d}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>a</mi>
<mo>:</mo>
<mi>b</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>c</mi>
<mo>:</mo>
<mi>d</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle a:b=c:d}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f038fae9a6ae3e07027c4fdd958267a060b8cbb6.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:11.423ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle a:b=c:d}" loading="lazy"></span>), wenn die Unterschiede ihrer Logarithmen übereinstimmen (als Formel: <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \log(a)-\log(b)=\log(c)-\log(d)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>log</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>a</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>log</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>b</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>log</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>c</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>log</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>d</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \log(a)-\log(b)=\log(c)-\log(d)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ccac7fe6ab625d7d6bd291ddc267b121abed4f5f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:32.354ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \log(a)-\log(b)=\log(c)-\log(d)}" loading="lazy"></span>). Erstmals veröffentlicht wurden Logarithmen von diesem unter dem Titel <i>Mirifici logarithmorum canonis descriptio,</i> was mit <i>Beschreibung des wunderbaren Kanons der Logarithmen</i> übersetzt werden kann.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Nachdem der Oxforder Professor <a href="Henry_Briggs" title="Henry Briggs">Henry Briggs</a> (1561–1630) sich intensiv mit dieser Schrift beschäftigt hatte, nahm er mit ihrem Autor Kontakt auf und schlug vor, für die Logarithmen die Basis&nbsp;10 zu verwenden (abgekürzt lg). Diese verbreiteten sich schnell und wurden besonders in der Astronomie geschätzt, was auch <a href="Pierre-Simon_Laplace" title="Pierre-Simon Laplace">Pierre-Simon Laplace</a>, im Vergleich zu den vorher benutzten trigonometrischen Tafeln, feststellte:<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="Vorlage_Zitat" style="margin:1em 40px;">
<div style="margin:1em 0;"><blockquote style="margin:0;">
<p>„L’invention des logarithmes, en réduisant le temps passé aux calculs de quelques mois à quelques jours, double pour ainsi dire la vie des astronomes.“
</p>
</blockquote>
</div></div>
<div class="Vorlage_Zitat" style="margin:1em 40px;">
<div style="margin:1em 0;"><blockquote style="margin:0;">
<p>„Dadurch, dass die für Rechnungen benötigte Zeit von einigen Monaten auf einige Tage reduziert wurde, hat die Erfindung der Logarithmen sozusagen die Lebenszeit eines Astronomen verdoppelt.“
</p>
</blockquote>
</div></div>
<p>Wird die <a href="Eulersche_Zahl" title="Eulersche Zahl">Eulersche Zahl</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {e} }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {e} }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/3a1f6ea7bf1c1e53e8200cb7e2917ccb23df457b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.032ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {e} }" loading="lazy"></span>&nbsp;– die im Jahre 1728 von <a href="Leonhard_Euler" title="Leonhard Euler">Leonhard Euler</a> (1707–1783) bestimmt und erstmals 1742 veröffentlicht wurde&nbsp;– als Basis des Logarithmus verwendet, so nennt man ihn den <b>natürlichen Logarithmus</b>. Der natürliche Logarithmus wird dabei durch „ln“ abgekürzt.
</p><p>Mit den Logarithmen war die mathematische Grundlage für die Weiterentwicklung des mechanischen <a href="Rechenschieber" title="Rechenschieber">Rechenschiebers</a> gelegt; denn die Funktionsweise des Rechenschiebers basiert auf dem Prinzip der Addition und Subtraktion von Logarithmen.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Logarithmus_in_Anwendung_und_Natur">Logarithmus in Anwendung und Natur</h2></div>



<p>Anwendungen des Logarithmus finden sich vielfach in der <a href="Wissenschaft" title="Wissenschaft">Wissenschaft</a>, wenn der Wertebereich viele <a href="Gr%C3%B6%C3%9Fenordnung" title="Größenordnung">Größenordnungen</a> umfasst. Daten werden entweder mit einer <a href="Logarithmische_Darstellung" title="Logarithmische Darstellung">logarithmischen Skala</a> dargestellt, oder es werden <a href="Logarithmische_Gr%C3%B6%C3%9Fe" title="Logarithmische Größe">logarithmisch definierte Größen</a> verwendet, wie zum Beispiel beim <a href="PH-Wert" title="PH-Wert">pH-Wert</a> oder bei der Empfindlichkeit der <a href="Sinnesorgan" title="Sinnesorgan">Sinnesorgane</a>.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_der_belebten_Natur">In der belebten Natur</h3></div>
<p>In der belebten Natur finden sich zahlreiche Beispiele <a href="Logarithmische_Spirale" title="Logarithmische Spirale">logarithmischer Spiralen</a>, so z.&nbsp;B. das Wachstum von Schneckenhäusern oder die Anordnung der Kerne auf der <a href="Sonnenblume" title="Sonnenblume">Sonnenblume</a>.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Schalldruckpegel">Schalldruckpegel</h3></div>
<p>Der <a href="Schalldruckpegel" title="Schalldruckpegel">Schalldruckpegel</a> wird als logarithmisches Maß zur Beschreibung der Stärke eines Schallereignisses verwendet. Dazu wird die <a href="Hilfsma%C3%9Feinheit" title="Hilfsmaßeinheit">Hilfsmaßeinheit</a> <a href="Bel_(Einheit)" title="Bel (Einheit)"><b>Dezibel</b></a> (dB) verwendet.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Helligkeitsempfindung">Helligkeitsempfindung</h3></div>
<p>Auch für die Sinnesempfindung der <a href="Helligkeit" title="Helligkeit">Helligkeit</a> hat sich eine logarithmische Bewertung bewährt (<a href="Weber-Fechner-Gesetz" title="Weber-Fechner-Gesetz">Weber-Fechner-Gesetz</a>), da das menschliche Auge zwischen Dämmerung und hellem Sonnenschein bis zu 10,5 Zehnerpotenzen an physikalischer Leuchtdichte überbrücken kann.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="pH-Wert">pH-Wert</h3></div>
<p>Der <a href="PH-Wert" title="PH-Wert">pH-Wert</a> ist das Maß für den sauren oder basischen Charakter einer wässrigen Lösung. Anmerkung: In der Chemie werden logarithmische Skalen im Allgemeinen durch ein vorangestelltes p (für Potenz) gekennzeichnet, zum Beispiel beim <a href="S%C3%A4urekonstante" title="Säurekonstante">p<i>K</i><sub>S</sub></a>- oder <a href="Basenkonstante" title="Basenkonstante">p<i>K</i><sub>B</sub></a>-Wert.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Richterskala">Richterskala</h3></div>
<p>Die <a href="Richterskala" title="Richterskala">Richterskala</a>, die zur Beschreibung von Erdbebenstärken genutzt wird, basiert auf einer deka-logarithmischen Einteilung. Die Erdbebenstärke steigt daher von Stufe zu Stufe exponentiell.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sternhelligkeiten">Sternhelligkeiten</h3></div>
<p>Sternhelligkeiten werden in astronomischen <a href="Scheinbare_Helligkeit" title="Scheinbare Helligkeit">Größenklassen</a> angegeben, die ein logarithmisches Maß der tatsächlichen Strahlungsstärke darstellt.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rechenschieber">Rechenschieber</h3></div>
<p>Bevor elektronische Rechenmaschinen zur Verfügung standen, nutzte man die <a href="#Logarithmengesetze">Logarithmengesetze</a> aus, um <a href="Multiplikation" title="Multiplikation">Multiplikationen</a> zu <a href="Addition" title="Addition">Additionen</a> und <a href="Division_(Mathematik)" title="Division (Mathematik)">Divisionen</a> zu <a href="Subtraktion" title="Subtraktion">Subtraktionen</a> zu vereinfachen. Die Berechnung der <a href="Quadratwurzel" title="Quadratwurzel">Quadratwurzel</a> vereinfacht sich auf der Ebene des Logarithmus zu einer Division durch Zwei. Weil der Logarithmus selbst nicht so leicht zu berechnen ist, waren <a href="Rechenschieber" title="Rechenschieber">Rechenschieber</a> mit ihren logarithmischen Skaleneinteilungen und Logarithmische Rechentafeln (<a href="Logarithmentafel" title="Logarithmentafel">Logarithmentafeln</a>) weit verbreitete Hilfsmittel.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wachstums-_und_Zerfallsprozesse">Wachstums- und Zerfallsprozesse</h3></div>
<p>Typische Aufgabenstellungen bei Wachstums- und Zerfallsprozessen lassen sich durch die Umkehrfunktion des Logarithmus – die Exponentialfunktion – modellieren. Siehe <a href="Exponentieller_Vorgang" class="mw-redirect" title="Exponentieller Vorgang">Exponentieller Vorgang</a>, <a href="Absorption_(Physik)" title="Absorption (Physik)">Absorption</a>.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anzahl_der_Ziffern_einer_Zahl">Anzahl der Ziffern einer Zahl</h3></div>
<p>Berechnung der Anzahl der Ziffern, die zur Darstellung einer natürlichen Zahl in einem <a href="Stellenwertsystem" title="Stellenwertsystem">Stellenwertsystem</a> benötigt werden. Um eine natürliche Zahl <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>n</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a601995d55609f2d9f5e233e36fbe9ea26011b3b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.395ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n}" loading="lazy"></span> zur Basis <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle b}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>b</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle b}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f11423fbb2e967f986e36804a8ae4271734917c3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:0.998ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle b}" loading="lazy"></span> darzustellen, werden <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 1+\lfloor \log _{b}n\rfloor }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>+</mo>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⌊<!-- ⌊ --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>log</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>b</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mi>n</mi>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⌋<!-- ⌋ --></mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 1+\lfloor \log _{b}n\rfloor }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e4b5d648e117c52d3b21c26a2e2b2391174a66b0.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:11.759ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 1+\lfloor \log _{b}n\rfloor }" loading="lazy"></span> Stellen benötigt. Die <a href="Gau%C3%9Fklammer" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaußklammer">Klammern</a> bedeuten dabei Abrunden auf die nächste ganze Zahl, die kleiner oder gleich ist.
</p><p>Zum Beispiel ist <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \log _{2}100\approx 6{,}64}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>log</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mn>100</mn>
<mo>≈<!-- ≈ --></mo>
<mn>6</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>,</mo>
</mrow>
<mn>64</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \log _{2}100\approx 6{,}64}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/37583f1db2e96d9b36ec46afeb885fbe9226ad98.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:15.133ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \log _{2}100\approx 6{,}64}" loading="lazy"></span>. Die obige Formel liefert den Wert&nbsp;7. Man braucht also 7&nbsp;Ziffern, um 100 im <a href="Dualsystem" title="Dualsystem">Dualsystem</a> darzustellen, nämlich <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 100=1100100_{2}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mn>100</mn>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mn>1100100</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 100=1100100_{2}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/41921b046dcda1c5b1986e4f366f2762ea14b9a3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:15.777ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 100=1100100_{2}}" loading="lazy"></span>. Stellt man hingegen 100 im <a href="Hexadezimalsystem" title="Hexadezimalsystem">Hexadezimalsystem</a> dar, dann benötigt man dazu zwei Stellen, denn <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \log _{16}100\approx 1{,}66}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>log</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>16</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mn>100</mn>
<mo>≈<!-- ≈ --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>,</mo>
</mrow>
<mn>66</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \log _{16}100\approx 1{,}66}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/1ef9d5033665647895f0e0389519a06219109dab.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:15.955ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \log _{16}100\approx 1{,}66}" loading="lazy"></span>. Es ist <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 100=64_{16}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mn>100</mn>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mn>64</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>16</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 100=64_{16}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4fdcf64458355b958bc1d41cd4ce48e75eddac1c.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:10.787ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 100=64_{16}}" loading="lazy"></span>.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Benfordsches_Gesetz">Benfordsches Gesetz</h3></div>
<p>Die Verteilung der Ziffern von Zahlen in empirischen Datensätzen, zum Beispiel ihrer ersten Ziffern, folgt einer logarithmischen Verteilung, dem <i><a href="Benfordsches_Gesetz" title="Benfordsches Gesetz">Benfordschen Gesetz</a></i>.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Informationseinheit">Informationseinheit</h3></div>
<p>Messung der <a href="Informationsmenge" class="mw-redirect" title="Informationsmenge">Informationsmenge</a>; die <a href="Entropie_(Informationstheorie)" title="Entropie (Informationstheorie)">Informationstheorie</a> sagt, dass, wenn etwas mit <a href="Wahrscheinlichkeit" title="Wahrscheinlichkeit">Wahrscheinlichkeit</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle p}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>p</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle p}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/81eac1e205430d1f40810df36a0edffdc367af36.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; margin-left: -0.089ex; width:1.259ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle p}" loading="lazy"></span> auftritt, das Wissen über das tatsächliche Auftreten davon eine Informationsmenge von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \log _{2}{\tfrac {1}{p}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>log</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mi>p</mi>
</mfrac>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \log _{2}{\tfrac {1}{p}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b7c74a00b7bebce560856f614915169b3b101999.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.338ex; width:6.076ex; height:3.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \log _{2}{\tfrac {1}{p}}}" loading="lazy"></span> bit ergibt. Zum Beispiel erhält man beim Ergebnis „Kopf“ eines fairen <a href="M%C3%BCnzwurf" title="Münzwurf">Münzwurfs</a> (<span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle p=0{,}5}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>p</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>,</mo>
</mrow>
<mn>5</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle p=0{,}5}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/2ff76cf314f4b394984cb4b6d1714598d4376472.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; margin-left: -0.089ex; width:7.329ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle p=0{,}5}" loading="lazy"></span>) die Informationsmenge <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \log _{2}2=1}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>log</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \log _{2}2=1}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/3a63d03d23e9d47761a4f1cfa1d0097919c395f1.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:9.836ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \log _{2}2=1}" loading="lazy"></span> bit, und es genügt ein <a href="Bit" title="Bit">Bit</a>, um diese Information zu <a href="Code" title="Code">codieren</a>.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kryptographie">Kryptographie</h3></div>
<p>Der <a href="Diskreter_Logarithmus" title="Diskreter Logarithmus">diskrete Logarithmus</a> ist in <a href="Endlicher_K%C3%B6rper" title="Endlicher Körper">endlichen Körpern</a> und darauf definierten <a href="Elliptische_Kurve" title="Elliptische Kurve">elliptischen Kurven</a> erheblich aufwändiger zu berechnen als seine Umkehrfunktion, die <a href="Diskrete_Exponentialfunktion" title="Diskrete Exponentialfunktion">diskrete Exponentialfunktion</a>. Letztere kann daher als sogenannte <a href="Einwegfunktion" title="Einwegfunktion">Einwegfunktion</a> in der <a href="Kryptografie" class="mw-redirect" title="Kryptografie">Kryptografie</a> zur <a href="Verschl%C3%BCsselung" title="Verschlüsselung">Verschlüsselung</a> angewandt werden.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Logarithmische_Zeitskalen">Logarithmische <a href="Zeitskala" title="Zeitskala">Zeitskalen</a></h3></div>
<p>Logarithmische Zeitskalen finden sich in der Geschichte der <a href="Technik" title="Technik">Technik</a> ebenso wie in der <a href="Geologische_Zeitskala" title="Geologische Zeitskala">geologischen Zeitskala</a>.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Intervalle_der_Musiktheorie">Intervalle der Musiktheorie</h3></div>
<p>Intervalle haben einen exponentiellen Frequenzverlauf. Das Gehör jedoch empfindet diese als linear. Die Größen von Intervallen werden daher als multiplikative Faktoren auf Frequenzen aufgefasst und als rationale Zahlen oder als Logarithmen angegeben. In diesem Fall wird die Oktave in 1200 <a href="Cent_(Musik)" title="Cent (Musik)">Cent</a> unterteilt. Beispiel:
</p>
<dl><dd><table class="wikitable">
<tbody><tr>
<th>Intervall</th>
<th>Frequenzverhältnis</th>
<th>Größe
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td align="center">1&nbsp;Oktave</td>
<td align="center">2</td>
<td align="center">1200&nbsp;Cent
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td align="center">2&nbsp;Oktaven</td>
<td align="center">4</td>
<td align="center">2400&nbsp;Cent
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td align="center">3&nbsp;Oktaven</td>
<td align="center">8</td>
<td align="center">3600&nbsp;Cent
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" colspan="3">…
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td align="center">reine große Terz</td>
<td align="center">5:4</td>
<td align="center"><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 1200\cdot \log _{2}{\big (}{\tfrac {5}{4}}{\big )}\,{\text{Cent}}\approx 386{,}314\,{\text{Cent}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mn>1200</mn>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>log</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo maxsize="1.2em" minsize="1.2em">(</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mfrac>
<mn>5</mn>
<mn>4</mn>
</mfrac>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo maxsize="1.2em" minsize="1.2em">)</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext>Cent</mtext>
</mrow>
<mo>≈<!-- ≈ --></mo>
<mn>386,314</mn>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext>Cent</mtext>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 1200\cdot \log _{2}{\big (}{\tfrac {5}{4}}{\big )}\,{\text{Cent}}\approx 386{,}314\,{\text{Cent}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/8c35838f8fbe8cb8debece35f29c4c5d23098dd5.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.171ex; width:35.839ex; height:3.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 1200\cdot \log _{2}{\big (}{\tfrac {5}{4}}{\big )}\,{\text{Cent}}\approx 386{,}314\,{\text{Cent}}}" loading="lazy"></span>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td align="center">reine Quinte</td>
<td align="center">3:2</td>
<td align="center"><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 1200\cdot \log _{2}{\big (}{\tfrac {3}{2}}{\big )}\,{\text{Cent}}\approx 701{,}955\,{\text{Cent}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mn>1200</mn>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>log</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo maxsize="1.2em" minsize="1.2em">(</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mfrac>
<mn>3</mn>
<mn>2</mn>
</mfrac>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo maxsize="1.2em" minsize="1.2em">)</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext>Cent</mtext>
</mrow>
<mo>≈<!-- ≈ --></mo>
<mn>701,955</mn>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext>Cent</mtext>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 1200\cdot \log _{2}{\big (}{\tfrac {3}{2}}{\big )}\,{\text{Cent}}\approx 701{,}955\,{\text{Cent}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/202d0c545d9cdd721e7301138663ea9ef20b623f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.171ex; width:35.839ex; height:3.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 1200\cdot \log _{2}{\big (}{\tfrac {3}{2}}{\big )}\,{\text{Cent}}\approx 701{,}955\,{\text{Cent}}}" loading="lazy"></span>
</td></tr></tbody></table></dd></dl>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Graphische_Darstellung_von_Funktionen">Graphische Darstellung von Funktionen</h3></div>
<p>Zur graphischen Darstellung von Funktionen werden spezielle <a href="Mathematisches_Papier" title="Mathematisches Papier">mathematische Papiere</a> verwendet, wie beispielsweise <a href="Einfachlogarithmisches_Papier" class="mw-redirect" title="Einfachlogarithmisches Papier">einfachlogarithmisches Papier</a> oder <a href="Doppeltlogarithmisches_Papier" class="mw-redirect" title="Doppeltlogarithmisches Papier">doppeltlogarithmisches Papier</a>.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bezeichnungen">Bezeichnungen</h2></div>
<p>Man schreibt für den Logarithmus von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle a}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>a</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle a}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ffd2487510aa438433a2579450ab2b3d557e5edc.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.23ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle a}" loading="lazy"></span> zur Basis <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle b}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>b</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle b}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f11423fbb2e967f986e36804a8ae4271734917c3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:0.998ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle b}" loading="lazy"></span>
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x=\log _{b}a}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mi>log</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>b</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mi>a</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x=\log _{b}a}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/bec902f865f26383f8c77e34f34e7339c194645d.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:9.954ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x=\log _{b}a}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>und sagt: <i>„<span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>x</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/87f9e315fd7e2ba406057a97300593c4802b53e4.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.33ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x}" loading="lazy"></span> ist der Logarithmus von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle a}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>a</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle a}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ffd2487510aa438433a2579450ab2b3d557e5edc.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.23ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle a}" loading="lazy"></span> zur Basis <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle b}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>b</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle b}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f11423fbb2e967f986e36804a8ae4271734917c3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:0.998ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle b}" loading="lazy"></span>“</i>. <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle a}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>a</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle a}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ffd2487510aa438433a2579450ab2b3d557e5edc.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.23ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle a}" loading="lazy"></span> heißt <i>Numerus</i> oder veraltet auch <i>Logarithmand</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Wissenschaftliche_Zeitschrift_der_Humboldt-Universität_zu_Berlin_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wissenschaftliche_Zeitschrift_der_Humboldt-Universität_zu_Berlin-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
Das Ergebnis <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>x</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/87f9e315fd7e2ba406057a97300593c4802b53e4.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.33ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x}" loading="lazy"></span> des Logarithmierens gibt also an, mit welchem Exponenten man die Basis <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle b}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>b</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle b}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f11423fbb2e967f986e36804a8ae4271734917c3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:0.998ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle b}" loading="lazy"></span> potenzieren muss, um den Numerus <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle a}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>a</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle a}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ffd2487510aa438433a2579450ab2b3d557e5edc.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.23ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle a}" loading="lazy"></span> zu erhalten.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Für die Vorkommastellen des Logarithmus wird meist der Begriff <i>Charakteristik</i> (manchmal auch <i>Kennzahl</i>) verwendet, seine Nachkommastellen werden <i><a href="Mantisse" title="Mantisse">Mantisse</a></i> genannt.
</p>

<p>Die Schreibweise
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \operatorname {log} _{b}a}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>log</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>b</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mi>a</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \operatorname {log} _{b}a}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/73c8ba97d6b96eb6e7f8598f6e4a0e0ccb76ce9a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:5.526ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \operatorname {log} _{b}a}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>ist das allgemeine mathematische Zeichen für den Logarithmus gemäß <a href="DIN_1302" title="DIN 1302">DIN 1302</a>. Seltener findet man auch davon abweichende Schreibweisen, wie zum Beispiel <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {}_{b}\,\!\log a}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">

</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>b</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mspace width="negativethinmathspace"></mspace>
<mi>log</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mi>a</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {}_{b}\,\!\log a}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/2180765db00ca18012d49461083bbd4e1a872d25.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:5.913ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {}_{b}\,\!\log a}" loading="lazy"></span>.
</p><p>Das Zeichen <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \log }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>log</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \log }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/79e4debd0ab1c6ce342d0172a7643733305c37bc.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.972ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \log }" loading="lazy"></span> ohne eine angegebene Basis wird verwendet, wenn die verwendete Basis keine Rolle spielt, wenn diese getrennt vereinbart wird, aus dem Zusammenhang ersichtlich ist oder aufgrund einer Konvention festgelegt ist. In technischen Anwendungen (so z.&nbsp;B. auf den meisten Taschenrechnern) steht <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \log }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>log</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \log }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/79e4debd0ab1c6ce342d0172a7643733305c37bc.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.972ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \log }" loading="lazy"></span> oft für den <i>dekadischen Logarithmus</i>. In theoretischen Abhandlungen, insbesondere zu <a href="Zahlentheorie" title="Zahlentheorie">zahlentheoretischen Themen</a>, steht <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \log }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>log</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \log }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/79e4debd0ab1c6ce342d0172a7643733305c37bc.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.972ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \log }" loading="lazy"></span> oft für den <i>natürlichen Logarithmus</i>.
</p><p>Darüber hinaus sind für den Logarithmus in DIN 1302 je nach Anwendung spezielle Schreibweisen festgelegt:
</p>
<ul><li><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \operatorname {ln} a}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>ln</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mi>a</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \operatorname {ln} a}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/91ad1c436d971478bc44a03c1d4df397d05e2a00.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:3.556ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \operatorname {ln} a}" loading="lazy"></span> – <i><a href="#Natürlicher_Logarithmus">Natürlicher Logarithmus</a> (<span style="font-style:normal;font-weight:normal"><a href="Latein" title="Latein">lateinisch</a></span> <span lang="la-Latn" style="font-style:italic">logarithmus naturalis</span>)</i>, der Logarithmus zur Basis <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {e} }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {e} }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/3a1f6ea7bf1c1e53e8200cb7e2917ccb23df457b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.032ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {e} }" loading="lazy"></span>, der <a href="Eulersche_Zahl" title="Eulersche Zahl">Eulerschen Zahl</a> 2,7182818… Er wird im Zusammenhang mit <a href="Exponentialfunktion" title="Exponentialfunktion">Exponentialfunktionen</a> verwendet.</li>
<li><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \operatorname {lg} a}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>lg</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mi>a</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \operatorname {lg} a}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7b36064a8fd2f80ba2830dbecf059086ee9f6220.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:3.426ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \operatorname {lg} a}" loading="lazy"></span> – <i><a href="Dekadischer_Logarithmus" title="Dekadischer Logarithmus">Dekadischer Logarithmus</a></i>, auch als <i>Zehnerlogarithmus</i> oder <i>Briggsscher Logarithmus</i> bezeichnet, der Logarithmus zur Basis 10. Er wird bei numerischen Rechnungen im Dezimalsystem verwendet.</li>
<li><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \operatorname {lb} a}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>lb</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mi>a</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \operatorname {lb} a}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/15253c6eb70f7dc338d569603f73543198600295.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:3.556ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \operatorname {lb} a}" loading="lazy"></span> – <i>Binärer Logarithmus</i>, auch als <i>Zweierlogarithmus</i> bezeichnet, der Logarithmus zur Basis 2. Er wird in der Informatik bei Rechnungen im <a href="Dualsystem" title="Dualsystem">Binärsystem</a> verwendet. Außerhalb der Norm wird mit gleicher Bedeutung auch <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \operatorname {ld} a}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>ld</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mi>a</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \operatorname {ld} a}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7dcf1ff7fe273770ddf4cd286c4b07572ae0efe6.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:3.556ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \operatorname {ld} a}" loading="lazy"></span> –&nbsp;<i>logarithmus dualis</i>&nbsp;– verwendet.</li></ul>
<p>Ein ähnlich aussehendes Funktionszeichen ist <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \operatorname {li} a}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>li</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mi>a</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \operatorname {li} a}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/1fbd6b8641044e3c55ce1295441811d44ed0af1f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.911ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \operatorname {li} a}" loading="lazy"></span> für den <a href="Integrallogarithmus" title="Integrallogarithmus">Integrallogarithmus</a>. Bei dieser Funktion handelt es sich aber <i>nicht</i> um eine Logarithmusfunktion.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definition">Definition</h2></div>
<p>Der Logarithmus kann mathematisch stets als eine Schar von Funktionen (deren Parameter mit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle b}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>b</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle b}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f11423fbb2e967f986e36804a8ae4271734917c3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:0.998ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle b}" loading="lazy"></span> bezeichnet sei)
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \log _{b}:\mathbb {R} ^{+}\to \mathbb {R} }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>log</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>b</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>:</mo>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">R</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>+</mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">R</mi>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \log _{b}:\mathbb {R} ^{+}\to \mathbb {R} }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/8a0b85dfcbb3b2e3be9c5fabb9107962cdba20bc.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:14.328ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \log _{b}:\mathbb {R} ^{+}\to \mathbb {R} }" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>aufgefasst werden. Ihre einzelnen Logarithmusfunktionen sind dabei nur unterschiedliche (reelle, aber ungleich null) Vielfache voneinander.
</p><p>Über den positiven reellen Zahlen kann er auf verschiedene Arten eingeführt werden. Je nach Hintergrund und Intention wird man den einen oder anderen didaktischen Zugang wählen. Die verschiedenen Definitionen des reellen Logarithmus sind dabei untereinander <a href="%C3%84quivalenzumformung" title="Äquivalenzumformung">äquivalent</a> und erfolgen hier mit besonderem Fokus auf den natürlichen Logarithmus, der aus Sicht des Mathematikers auf <i>natürliche</i> Weise auftritt, wie bei dem Zugang über die <a href="Stammfunktion" title="Stammfunktion">Stammfunktion</a> von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\tfrac {1}{t}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mi>t</mi>
</mfrac>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\tfrac {1}{t}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b4d2851f22ca31e9ddea8662f3c79833cb29093e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.171ex; width:1.658ex; height:3.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\tfrac {1}{t}}}" loading="lazy"></span> erkennbar ist.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Als_Umkehrfunktion_der_Exponentialfunktion">Als Umkehrfunktion der Exponentialfunktion</h3></div>
<p>Der Logarithmus zur Basis&nbsp;<span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle b}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>b</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle b}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f11423fbb2e967f986e36804a8ae4271734917c3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:0.998ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle b}" loading="lazy"></span> ist die Umkehrfunktion der allgemeinen <a href="Exponentialfunktion" title="Exponentialfunktion">Exponentialfunktion</a> zur positiven Basis <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle b\neq 1}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>b</mi>
<mo>≠<!-- ≠ --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle b\neq 1}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/32a55c3a4b8eca743088b70c7c4d63c773f43c2b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:5.258ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle b\neq 1}" loading="lazy"></span>:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x\mapsto b^{x}.}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">↦<!-- ↦ --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>b</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>x</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>.</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x\mapsto b^{x}.}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/20dff57d5ff150fcd5b1061cc34610a8e4572603.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:7.761ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x\mapsto b^{x}.}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Die Funktionen <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle b^{x}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>b</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>x</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle b^{x}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/2bb7406a338fb530330582bc63420d091897c709.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.17ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle b^{x}}" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \log _{b}x}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>log</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>b</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mi>x</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \log _{b}x}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/777b35d8d91f445f98286c9619003039e28dfe94.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:5.626ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \log _{b}x}" loading="lazy"></span> sind also <a href="Umkehrfunktion" title="Umkehrfunktion">Umkehrfunktionen</a> voneinander, d.&nbsp;h. Logarithmieren macht Exponenzieren rückgängig und umgekehrt:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle b^{\log _{b}x}=x\quad {\text{und}}\quad \log _{b}(b^{x})=x.}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>b</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msub>
<mi>log</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>b</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mi>x</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mspace width="1em"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext>und</mtext>
</mrow>
<mspace width="1em"></mspace>
<msub>
<mi>log</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>b</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msup>
<mi>b</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>x</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>.</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle b^{\log _{b}x}=x\quad {\text{und}}\quad \log _{b}(b^{x})=x.}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/246024e6a04806a4467cda750551622e01a71a9f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:31.697ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle b^{\log _{b}x}=x\quad {\text{und}}\quad \log _{b}(b^{x})=x.}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Der natürliche Logarithmus ergibt sich mit der Basis <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle b=\mathrm {e} }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>b</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle b=\mathrm {e} }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/736afc8675dfe3d127e4dcb65c3b428af71294af.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:5.128ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle b=\mathrm {e} }" loading="lazy"></span>, wobei
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {e} =2{,}718281828459\ldots }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>2,718</mn>
<mn>281828459</mn>
<mo>…<!-- … --></mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {e} =2{,}718281828459\ldots }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d1e040fad085856ecf04a0b3de33810845743096.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:23ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {e} =2{,}718281828459\ldots }" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>die <a href="Eulersche_Zahl" title="Eulersche Zahl">Eulersche Zahl</a> ist.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Als_Lösung_einer_Funktionalgleichung"><span id="Als_L.C3.B6sung_einer_Funktionalgleichung"></span>Als Lösung einer Funktionalgleichung</h3></div>
<p>Die Logarithmusfunktionen sind die nicht-trivialen, stetigen Lösungen <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle L}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>L</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle L}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/103168b86f781fe6e9a4a87b8ea1cebe0ad4ede8.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.583ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle L}" loading="lazy"></span> der <a href="Funktionalgleichung" title="Funktionalgleichung">Funktionalgleichung</a>
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle L(x\cdot y)=L(x)+L(y).}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>L</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi>y</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>L</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>L</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>y</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>.</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle L(x\cdot y)=L(x)+L(y).}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/884a4b0c03c2fdbc87e5edb286bf755c33968d5e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:23.412ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle L(x\cdot y)=L(x)+L(y).}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Ihre Lösungen erfüllen stets <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle L(1)=0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>L</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle L(1)=0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d4611a0a5988f4be353c2078eaf392703dbff476.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:8.816ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle L(1)=0}" loading="lazy"></span> und erweisen sich sogar als differenzierbar. Den natürlichen Logarithmus erhält man dann zusammen mit der Zusatzbedingung
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle L'(1)=1.}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>L</mi>
<mo>′</mo>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>1.</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle L'(1)=1.}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/535d4ec0dd8f31385cceed4dc8c44a5642e162f0.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:10.147ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle L'(1)=1.}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Die Zusatzbedingung ist einer der Gründe dafür, den so erhaltenen Logarithmus als <i>natürlich</i> zu bezeichnen. Wollte man den Logarithmus zu einer anderen Basis&nbsp;<span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle b}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>b</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle b}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f11423fbb2e967f986e36804a8ae4271734917c3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:0.998ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle b}" loading="lazy"></span> über die Zusatzbedingung erhalten, dann müsste man
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle L'(1)={\frac {1}{\ln b}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>L</mi>
<mo>′</mo>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mrow>
<mi>ln</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mi>b</mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle L'(1)={\frac {1}{\ln b}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/9b70cc30ee762b7466d0a553395ee9fa6588eba2.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.005ex; width:12.498ex; height:5.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle L'(1)={\frac {1}{\ln b}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>fordern und würde wieder den natürlichen Logarithmus benötigen.
</p><p>Die triviale Lösung obiger Funktionalgleichung ist die <a href="Nullfunktion" title="Nullfunktion">Nullfunktion</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle L(x)=0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>L</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle L(x)=0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a2cb852db55d4feafa8cf3652fce1566d9727017.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:8.983ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle L(x)=0}" loading="lazy"></span>, die nicht als Logarithmusfunktion angesehen wird, und die einzige Lösung der Funktionalgleichung, für die auch <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle L(0)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>L</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle L(0)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/addef683ebe24b7bb67da5884ca8db95caf7bd7b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:4.555ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle L(0)}" loading="lazy"></span> definiert ist.
</p><p>Der Logarithmus vermittelt aufgrund obiger Funktionalgleichung daher insbesondere eine <a href="Homomorphismus" title="Homomorphismus">strukturerhaltende Abbildung</a> von den positiven reellen Zahlen mit ihrer multiplikativen Struktur auf die gesamten reellen Zahlen mit deren additiver Struktur. Dies kann man auch explizit als Bedingung fordern und gelangt damit zur Herleitung.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Als_Isomorphismus">Als Isomorphismus</h3></div>
<p>Die reellwertigen Logarithmen sind genau die stetigen <a href="Isomorphismus" title="Isomorphismus">Isomorphismen</a>
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle L\colon (\mathbb {R} ^{+}\!,\,\cdot \,)\longrightarrow (\mathbb {R} ,+)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>L</mi>
<mo>:<!-- : --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">R</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>+</mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mspace width="negativethinmathspace"></mspace>
<mo>,</mo>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">⟶<!-- ⟶ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">R</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>,</mo>
<mo>+</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle L\colon (\mathbb {R} ^{+}\!,\,\cdot \,)\longrightarrow (\mathbb {R} ,+)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/feeded72edfcafecb30405465e86770b5dd30d98.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:21.108ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle L\colon (\mathbb {R} ^{+}\!,\,\cdot \,)\longrightarrow (\mathbb {R} ,+)}" loading="lazy"></span>.</dd></dl>
<p>Diese Definition legt die Funktion <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle L}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>L</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle L}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/103168b86f781fe6e9a4a87b8ea1cebe0ad4ede8.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.583ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle L}" loading="lazy"></span> bis auf eine multiplikative Konstante eindeutig fest.
</p><p>Der algebraische Zugang betont ebenso wie der Zugang über die Funktionalgleichung
die historische Bedeutung des Logarithmus als Rechenhilfe: Er ermöglicht es, eine Multiplikation in eine Addition „umzuwandeln“.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Als_Stammfunktion_von_f_mit_f(x)=1/x"><span id="Als_Stammfunktion_von_f_mit_f.28x.29.3D1.2Fx"></span>Als Stammfunktion von <i>f</i> mit <i>f</i>(<i>x</i>)=1/<i>x</i></h3></div>

<p>Die Funktion
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle L\colon t\mapsto \int _{1}^{t}{\frac {1}{x}}\,\mathrm {d} x}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>L</mi>
<mo>:<!-- : --></mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">↦<!-- ↦ --></mo>
<msubsup>
<mo>∫<!-- ∫ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>t</mi>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mi>x</mi>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>x</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle L\colon t\mapsto \int _{1}^{t}{\frac {1}{x}}\,\mathrm {d} x}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/76487486768846e595ab36c9e481b94ed3911557.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:15.923ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle L\colon t\mapsto \int _{1}^{t}{\frac {1}{x}}\,\mathrm {d} x}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>mit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle t>0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>t</mi>
<mo>&gt;</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle t&gt;0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/29a2960e88369263fe3cfe00ccbfeb83daee212a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:5.101ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle t>0}" loading="lazy"></span> ist gerade der natürliche Logarithmus: Es ist <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle L=\ln }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>L</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>ln</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle L=\ln }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/9c1547d2d2f1d7704b67fc94a66556f786fd7adb.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:6.621ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle L=\ln }" loading="lazy"></span>. Zum Logarithmus mit der Basis&nbsp;<span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle b}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>b</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle b}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f11423fbb2e967f986e36804a8ae4271734917c3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:0.998ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle b}" loading="lazy"></span> gelangt man durch Division der Funktion&nbsp;<span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle L}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>L</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle L}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/103168b86f781fe6e9a4a87b8ea1cebe0ad4ede8.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.583ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle L}" loading="lazy"></span> durch die Konstante <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle L(b)=\ln b}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>L</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>b</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>ln</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mi>b</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle L(b)=\ln b}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/cf00f5c8f1ec75dd6d9e63bd0add6e27c9c65c4d.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:10.812ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle L(b)=\ln b}" loading="lazy"></span>. Als uneigentliches Integral von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>f</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle f}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/132e57acb643253e7810ee9702d9581f159a1c61.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.279ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f}" loading="lazy"></span>, oder beliebiger willkürlicher (positiver) unterer Integrationsgrenze, betrachtet, würde man nur noch eine zusätzliche, additive Konstante erhalten, aber immer nur den Logarithmus zur Basis <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {e} }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {e} }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/3a1f6ea7bf1c1e53e8200cb7e2917ccb23df457b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.032ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {e} }" loading="lazy"></span> bekommen.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Als_Potenzreihe">Als Potenzreihe</h3></div>
<p>Der natürliche Logarithmus kann als <a href="Potenzreihe" title="Potenzreihe">Potenzreihe</a> gemäß
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \ln(1+x)=\sum _{k=1}^{\infty }(-1)^{k+1}{\frac {x^{k}}{k}}=x-{\frac {x^{2}}{2}}+{\frac {x^{3}}{3}}-{\frac {x^{4}}{4}}+\dotsb }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>ln</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<munderover>
<mo>∑<!-- ∑ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>k</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">∞<!-- ∞ --></mi>
</mrow>
</munderover>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>k</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<msup>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>k</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mi>k</mi>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<msup>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mn>2</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>+</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<msup>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mn>3</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<msup>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>4</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mn>4</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>+</mo>
<mo>⋯<!-- ⋯ --></mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \ln(1+x)=\sum _{k=1}^{\infty }(-1)^{k+1}{\frac {x^{k}}{k}}=x-{\frac {x^{2}}{2}}+{\frac {x^{3}}{3}}-{\frac {x^{4}}{4}}+\dotsb }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c87b764d2b51bb54e971864996431f3ab4556e46.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.005ex; width:54.931ex; height:6.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \ln(1+x)=\sum _{k=1}^{\infty }(-1)^{k+1}{\frac {x^{k}}{k}}=x-{\frac {x^{2}}{2}}+{\frac {x^{3}}{3}}-{\frac {x^{4}}{4}}+\dotsb }" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>eingeführt werden. Diese Reihe konvergiert für <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle |x|<1}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>&lt;</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle |x|&lt;1}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/2f9498d60b2319a4ae7c5607794b537c559a976d.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:6.884ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle |x|<1}" loading="lazy"></span> und für <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x=1}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x=1}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ee42176e76ae6b56d68c42ced807e08b962a2b54.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:5.591ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x=1}" loading="lazy"></span>.
</p><p>Für eine numerische Berechnung des Werts <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \ln(1+x)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>ln</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \ln(1+x)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c16ccd97dc2eaef5ce6d8b7bc593a0e2dbd3dca4.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:9.081ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \ln(1+x)}" loading="lazy"></span> für <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x>-1}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>&gt;</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x&gt;-1}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/05a1ea0646909091114d8933e502d58f3b051075.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:7.399ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x>-1}" loading="lazy"></span> ist die Beziehung <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \ln(1+x)=-\ln {\Bigl (}1-{\frac {x}{1+x}}{\Bigr )}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>ln</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>ln</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-OPEN">
<mo maxsize="1.623em" minsize="1.623em">(</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-CLOSE">
<mo maxsize="1.623em" minsize="1.623em">)</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \ln(1+x)=-\ln {\Bigl (}1-{\frac {x}{1+x}}{\Bigr )}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/3a73622609c88d61c161fe5169b068870d524eb6.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.005ex; width:29.648ex; height:5.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \ln(1+x)=-\ln {\Bigl (}1-{\frac {x}{1+x}}{\Bigr )}}" loading="lazy"></span> nützlich.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anmerkung">Anmerkung</h3></div>
<p>Diese Definitionen können auch herangezogen werden, um Logarithmen auf anderen mathematischen Strukturen zu erhalten, wie z.&nbsp;B. auf den komplexen Zahlen. Das setzt voraus, dass in der betreffenden Struktur die zur Definition verwendeten Konzepte existieren.
</p><p>Um etwa den <a href="Diskreter_Logarithmus" title="Diskreter Logarithmus">diskreten Logarithmus</a> auf einer <a href="Gruppe_(Mathematik)" title="Gruppe (Mathematik)">Gruppe</a> zu definieren, können Konzepte wie Differentiation/Integration nicht herangezogen werden, weil sie dort gar nicht existieren. (Die Definition geschieht dort als Umkehrung der Potenzierung mit ganzen Exponenten, die wiederum aus mehrfachem Anwenden der <i>einen</i> Verknüpfung der Gruppe definiert ist.)
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rechenregeln_und_grundlegende_Eigenschaften">Rechenregeln und grundlegende Eigenschaften</h2></div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Logarithmengesetze">Logarithmengesetze</h3></div>
<p>Im Folgenden wird stets vorausgesetzt, dass die Variablen <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x,y,x_{i},r,a,b}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>y</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>r</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>a</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>b</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x,y,x_{i},r,a,b}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/9506b847c5c8164c4cfa945d06c8da893e1eaaea.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:13.06ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x,y,x_{i},r,a,b}" loading="lazy"></span> von Null verschieden sind; im Falle des reellen Logarithmus werden die Zahlen sogar als positiv vorausgesetzt. Die Basen <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle a,b}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>a</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>b</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle a,b}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/181523deba732fda302fd176275a0739121d3bc8.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:3.261ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle a,b}" loading="lazy"></span> des Logarithmus dürfen ferner nicht 1 sein.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Produkte">Produkte</h4></div>
<p>Für das Rechnen mit Logarithmen von Produkten steht die hilfreiche Rechenregel
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \log _{b}(x\cdot y)=\log _{b}x+\log _{b}y}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>log</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>b</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi>y</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mi>log</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>b</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<msub>
<mi>log</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>b</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mi>y</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \log _{b}(x\cdot y)=\log _{b}x+\log _{b}y}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b88dd17d743a6075ae9995e4818556c193f27ed7.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:26.9ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \log _{b}(x\cdot y)=\log _{b}x+\log _{b}y}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>zur Verfügung; oder allgemeiner:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \log _{b}(x_{1}x_{2}\dotsm x_{n})=\log _{b}x_{1}+\log _{b}x_{2}+\dotsb +\log _{b}x_{n}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>log</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>b</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>⋯<!-- ⋯ --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mi>log</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>b</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>+</mo>
<msub>
<mi>log</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>b</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>+</mo>
<mo>⋯<!-- ⋯ --></mo>
<mo>+</mo>
<msub>
<mi>log</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>b</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \log _{b}(x_{1}x_{2}\dotsm x_{n})=\log _{b}x_{1}+\log _{b}x_{2}+\dotsb +\log _{b}x_{n}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/dff45c861d2c6088cc46e45dd969839290b5bf80.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:51.08ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \log _{b}(x_{1}x_{2}\dotsm x_{n})=\log _{b}x_{1}+\log _{b}x_{2}+\dotsb +\log _{b}x_{n}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>bzw.
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \log _{b}\prod _{i=1}^{n}x_{i}=\sum _{i=1}^{n}\log _{b}x_{i}.}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>log</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>b</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<munderover>
<mo>∏<!-- ∏ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</munderover>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<munderover>
<mo>∑<!-- ∑ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</munderover>
<msub>
<mi>log</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>b</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>.</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \log _{b}\prod _{i=1}^{n}x_{i}=\sum _{i=1}^{n}\log _{b}x_{i}.}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/9296bf2fc9c8b313fc1e8182a920cfbd13c5e6f6.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.005ex; width:23.696ex; height:6.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \log _{b}\prod _{i=1}^{n}x_{i}=\sum _{i=1}^{n}\log _{b}x_{i}.}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Der Logarithmus eines Produkts ist die Summe der Logarithmen der Faktoren.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Quotienten">Quotienten</h4></div>
<p>Die Quotienten leiten sich direkt aus den Logarithmen von Produkten ab. Hier sei nur der einfache Fall
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \log _{b}{\frac {x}{y}}=\log _{b}x-\log _{b}y}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>log</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>b</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mi>x</mi>
<mi>y</mi>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mi>log</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>b</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>log</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>b</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mi>y</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \log _{b}{\frac {x}{y}}=\log _{b}x-\log _{b}y}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f04b243d3b68fdf9ac0b957a1a6eae563fd731ef.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:23.479ex; height:5.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \log _{b}{\frac {x}{y}}=\log _{b}x-\log _{b}y}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>angegeben. Der Logarithmus eines Quotienten ist der Logarithmus des Zählers <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>x</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/87f9e315fd7e2ba406057a97300593c4802b53e4.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.33ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x}" loading="lazy"></span> minus den Logarithmus des Nenners <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle y}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>y</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle y}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b8a6208ec717213d4317e666f1ae872e00620a0d.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.155ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle y}" loading="lazy"></span>.
</p><p>Insbesondere ergibt sich daraus (da <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \log 1=0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>log</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \log 1=0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/5cb25c36a737bdeb44ae03d88ba2254533cec559.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:8.782ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \log 1=0}" loading="lazy"></span>):
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \log _{b}{\frac {1}{x}}=-\log _{b}x}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>log</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>b</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mi>x</mi>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>log</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>b</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mi>x</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \log _{b}{\frac {1}{x}}=-\log _{b}x}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c9b8710c99b3a02136a39a17401dfe82b6ad6352.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:17.382ex; height:5.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \log _{b}{\frac {1}{x}}=-\log _{b}x}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Allgemeiner ergibt sich direkt aus der obigen Quotientenregel das <a href="Kehrwert" title="Kehrwert">Reziprozitäts</a>gesetz:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \log _{b}{\frac {x}{y}}=-\log _{b}{\frac {y}{x}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>log</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>b</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mi>x</mi>
<mi>y</mi>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>log</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>b</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mi>y</mi>
<mi>x</mi>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \log _{b}{\frac {x}{y}}=-\log _{b}{\frac {y}{x}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/8a9127b97879f7c724cfcd4980788a719211f856.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:18.218ex; height:5.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \log _{b}{\frac {x}{y}}=-\log _{b}{\frac {y}{x}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Summen_und_Differenzen">Summen und Differenzen</h4></div>
<p>Aus der Formel für Produkte kann eine Formel für Logarithmen von Summen (und Differenzen) wie <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x+y}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>y</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x+y}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ffb4441dccedb5ede51a213408b17cf83eec9a27.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:5.326ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x+y}" loading="lazy"></span> hergeleitet werden, indem <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>x</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/87f9e315fd7e2ba406057a97300593c4802b53e4.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.33ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x}" loading="lazy"></span> ausgeklammert wird:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x+y=x\left(1+{\frac {y}{x}}\right).}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>y</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>+</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mi>y</mi>
<mi>x</mi>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>.</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x+y=x\left(1+{\frac {y}{x}}\right).}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ae9f12511129bcbdf45c96db382681d6558fd05e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:20.119ex; height:4.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x+y=x\left(1+{\frac {y}{x}}\right).}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Damit ergibt sich die „Regel“
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \log _{b}(x+y)=\log _{b}x+\log _{b}\left(1+{\frac {y}{x}}\right).}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>log</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>b</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>y</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mi>log</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>b</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<msub>
<mi>log</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>b</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>+</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mi>y</mi>
<mi>x</mi>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>.</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \log _{b}(x+y)=\log _{b}x+\log _{b}\left(1+{\frac {y}{x}}\right).}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/eb67ae6876a2bb72efbc6624167221da1b4448ff.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:36.11ex; height:4.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \log _{b}(x+y)=\log _{b}x+\log _{b}\left(1+{\frac {y}{x}}\right).}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Potenzen">Potenzen</h4></div>
<p>Für Potenzen mit reellem Exponent <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle r}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>r</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle r}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/0d1ecb613aa2984f0576f70f86650b7c2a132538.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.049ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle r}" loading="lazy"></span> gilt die Regel
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \log _{b}\left(x^{r}\right)=r\log _{b}x.}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>log</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>b</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<msup>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>r</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>r</mi>
<msub>
<mi>log</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>b</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>.</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \log _{b}\left(x^{r}\right)=r\log _{b}x.}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b0f0ebaad9a73af374b7bb6eb57dca96b7bc1807.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:18.829ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \log _{b}\left(x^{r}\right)=r\log _{b}x.}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Der Logarithmus einer Potenz ist also das Produkt aus dem Exponenten mit dem Logarithmus der Basis.
</p><p>Auch daraus lässt sich für <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle r=-1}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>r</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle r=-1}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/3aa9dc9f52ab2212ef9945a9d17f5b6ded46c899.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:7.118ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle r=-1}" loading="lazy"></span>
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \log _{b}{\frac {1}{x}}=-\log _{b}x}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>log</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>b</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mi>x</mi>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>log</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>b</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mi>x</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \log _{b}{\frac {1}{x}}=-\log _{b}x}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c9b8710c99b3a02136a39a17401dfe82b6ad6352.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:17.382ex; height:5.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \log _{b}{\frac {1}{x}}=-\log _{b}x}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>ermitteln.
</p><p>Der Logarithmus eines <a href="Stammbruch" title="Stammbruch">Stammbruchs</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\tfrac {1}{x}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mi>x</mi>
</mfrac>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\tfrac {1}{x}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e3da30de216ba1a9649809913816f8b640eb26f9.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:1.776ex; height:3.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\tfrac {1}{x}}}" loading="lazy"></span> ist der negative Logarithmus des Nenners <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>x</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/87f9e315fd7e2ba406057a97300593c4802b53e4.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.33ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x}" loading="lazy"></span>.
</p><p>Diese Rechenregeln lassen sich von den <a href="Potenz_(Mathematik)#Potenzgesetze" title="Potenz (Mathematik)">Potenzgesetzen</a> ableiten.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Wurzeln">Wurzeln</h4></div>

<p>Da Wurzeln nichts anderes als Potenzen mit gebrochenem Exponenten sind, ergibt sich nach der oben angegebenen Potenzregel des Logarithmus die Rechenregel
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \log _{b}{\sqrt[{n}]{x}}=\log _{b}\left(x^{\frac {1}{n}}\right)={\frac {1}{n}}\log _{b}x.}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>log</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>b</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mroot>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</mroot>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mi>log</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>b</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<msup>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mi>n</mi>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mi>n</mi>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<msub>
<mi>log</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>b</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>.</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \log _{b}{\sqrt[{n}]{x}}=\log _{b}\left(x^{\frac {1}{n}}\right)={\frac {1}{n}}\log _{b}x.}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/67539e2acb1a493452d8ddd9912c8b2631d8b0d2.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:32.534ex; height:5.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \log _{b}{\sqrt[{n}]{x}}=\log _{b}\left(x^{\frac {1}{n}}\right)={\frac {1}{n}}\log _{b}x.}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Basisumrechnung">Basisumrechnung</h3></div>
<p>Um Logarithmen zur Basis <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle b\neq 1}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>b</mi>
<mo>≠<!-- ≠ --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle b\neq 1}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/32a55c3a4b8eca743088b70c7c4d63c773f43c2b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:5.258ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle b\neq 1}" loading="lazy"></span> mithilfe von Logarithmen einer beliebigen Basis <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle a\neq 1}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>a</mi>
<mo>≠<!-- ≠ --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle a\neq 1}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b2f695917fb11ae0ee8cd0bf647ba8557133a783.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:5.491ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle a\neq 1}" loading="lazy"></span> zu berechnen, verwendet man den Zusammenhang
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \;\;\;\log _{b}x={\frac {\log _{a}x}{\log _{a}b}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mspace width="thickmathspace"></mspace>
<mspace width="thickmathspace"></mspace>
<mspace width="thickmathspace"></mspace>
<msub>
<mi>log</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>b</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<msub>
<mi>log</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>a</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mi>x</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<msub>
<mi>log</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>a</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mi>b</mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \;\;\;\log _{b}x={\frac {\log _{a}x}{\log _{a}b}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ff4e71e55fc0a82d513a01b77e43f778566e1f6b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:17.287ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \;\;\;\log _{b}x={\frac {\log _{a}x}{\log _{a}b}}}" loading="lazy"></span>,</dd></dl>
<p>denn mit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \;\;y=\log _{b}x\;\;}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mspace width="thickmathspace"></mspace>
<mspace width="thickmathspace"></mspace>
<mi>y</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mi>log</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>b</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mspace width="thickmathspace"></mspace>
<mspace width="thickmathspace"></mspace>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \;\;y=\log _{b}x\;\;}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/40a2424f9ba414af41f94f2089b28d8279cc7acd.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:12.461ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \;\;y=\log _{b}x\;\;}" loading="lazy"></span> gelten die Umformungen
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}b^{y}&amp;=x\\\log _{a}b^{y}&amp;=\log _{a}x\\y\log _{a}b&amp;=\log _{a}x\\y&amp;={\frac {\log _{a}x}{\log _{a}b}}\end{aligned}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtable columnalign="right left right left right left right left right left right left" rowspacing="3pt" columnspacing="0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em" displaystyle="true">
<mtr>
<mtd>
<msup>
<mi>b</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>y</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mi></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<msub>
<mi>log</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>a</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>b</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>y</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mi></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mi>log</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>a</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mi>x</mi>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mi>y</mi>
<msub>
<mi>log</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>a</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mi>b</mi>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mi></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mi>log</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>a</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mi>x</mi>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mi>y</mi>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mi></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<msub>
<mi>log</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>a</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mi>x</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<msub>
<mi>log</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>a</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mi>b</mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mtd>
</mtr>
</mtable>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}b^{y}&amp;=x\\\log _{a}b^{y}&amp;=\log _{a}x\\y\log _{a}b&amp;=\log _{a}x\\y&amp;={\frac {\log _{a}x}{\log _{a}b}}\end{aligned}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/8ed4b8ada888fdbd5acaa2414c43a0ff087fcd3a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -7.171ex; width:17.477ex; height:15.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}b^{y}&amp;=x\\\log _{a}b^{y}&amp;=\log _{a}x\\y\log _{a}b&amp;=\log _{a}x\\y&amp;={\frac {\log _{a}x}{\log _{a}b}}\end{aligned}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Damit sieht man, dass sich Logarithmen zu verschiedenen Basen nur um einen konstanten Faktor voneinander unterscheiden. Die meisten Tabellenwerke stellen Logarithmen nur zur Basis 10 zur Verfügung, Taschenrechner auch zur Basis <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {e} }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {e} }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/3a1f6ea7bf1c1e53e8200cb7e2917ccb23df457b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.032ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {e} }" loading="lazy"></span> (den natürlichen Logarithmus). Mit der obigen Formel lassen sich daraus Logarithmen zu einer beliebigen Basis berechnen.
</p><p>Ein prominenter Spezialfall, der sich für <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \;a\neq 1\land b\neq 1\;}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mspace width="thickmathspace"></mspace>
<mi>a</mi>
<mo>≠<!-- ≠ --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>∧<!-- ∧ --></mo>
<mi>b</mi>
<mo>≠<!-- ≠ --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mspace width="thickmathspace"></mspace>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \;a\neq 1\land b\neq 1\;}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d27cdcf33af3cd8b41c0bf1b988e41d9160d6823.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:14.622ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \;a\neq 1\land b\neq 1\;}" loading="lazy"></span> aus obiger Formel ergibt, ist
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \log _{a}b={\frac {1}{\log _{b}a}}\quad }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>log</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>a</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mi>b</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mrow>
<msub>
<mi>log</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>b</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mi>a</mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mspace width="1em"></mspace>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \log _{a}b={\frac {1}{\log _{b}a}}\quad }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e9c496a4535ec9e5dd2e421725036f526b5cb6aa.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:17.242ex; height:5.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \log _{a}b={\frac {1}{\log _{b}a}}\quad }" loading="lazy"></span> oder <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \quad \log _{a}b\cdot \log _{b}a=1}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mspace width="1em"></mspace>
<msub>
<mi>log</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>a</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mi>b</mi>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>log</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>b</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mi>a</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \quad \log _{a}b\cdot \log _{b}a=1}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c81e26c14d16832416ae62af3b1557d5f11aaba7.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:19.247ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \quad \log _{a}b\cdot \log _{b}a=1}" loading="lazy"></span>.</dd></dl>
<dl><dt>Beispiel</dt>
<dd></dd>
<dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \log _{10}8={\frac {\log _{2}8}{\log _{2}10}}={\frac {\ln 8}{\ln 10}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>log</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>10</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mn>8</mn>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<msub>
<mi>log</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mn>8</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<msub>
<mi>log</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mn>10</mn>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi>ln</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mn>8</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mi>ln</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mn>10</mn>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \log _{10}8={\frac {\log _{2}8}{\log _{2}10}}={\frac {\ln 8}{\ln 10}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/6471bd9ffaeab365bf2cd481dcca15a6775c528c.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:25.656ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \log _{10}8={\frac {\log _{2}8}{\log _{2}10}}={\frac {\ln 8}{\ln 10}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd>
<dd>für beliebige positive Zahlen <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>x</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/87f9e315fd7e2ba406057a97300593c4802b53e4.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.33ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x}" loading="lazy"></span> ist <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\frac {\ln x}{\log _{10}x}}=\ln 10\approx 2{,}302585}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi>ln</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mi>x</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<msub>
<mi>log</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>10</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mi>x</mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>ln</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mn>10</mn>
<mo>≈<!-- ≈ --></mo>
<mn>2,302</mn>
<mn>585</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\frac {\ln x}{\log _{10}x}}=\ln 10\approx 2{,}302585}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/6f3d3f5c6a258b0b593a2641f29e7cbf45eec1da.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:27.033ex; height:6.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\frac {\ln x}{\log _{10}x}}=\ln 10\approx 2{,}302585}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<dl><dt>Beispiel für den Kehrwert der Basis</dt>
<dd></dd>
<dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \log _{a^{-1}}x=-\log _{a}x}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>log</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msup>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>log</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>a</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mi>x</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \log _{a^{-1}}x=-\log _{a}x}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/102aa7c04d4d82a0e4add8bc3a2479b1b4aac4b4.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:18.744ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \log _{a^{-1}}x=-\log _{a}x}" loading="lazy"></span>.</dd></dl>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nichtpositive_Zahlen">Nichtpositive Zahlen</h3></div>
<p>In den <a href="Reelle_Zahlen" class="mw-redirect" title="Reelle Zahlen">reellen Zahlen</a> ist der Logarithmus für nichtpositive Zahlen, also <a href="Null" title="Null">Null</a> und <a href="Negative_Zahlen" class="mw-redirect" title="Negative Zahlen">negative Zahlen</a>, nicht definiert. Allerdings erfüllt <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \log _{b}|x|}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>log</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>b</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \log _{b}|x|}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7269750cf81323b3701872627587a0d4af1f0577.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:6.92ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \log _{b}|x|}" loading="lazy"></span> obige Funktionalgleichung für <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle L(\cdot )}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>L</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle L(\cdot )}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/54540ae517d68ea2f9a84a10b80380d90adea96e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:4.039ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle L(\cdot )}" loading="lazy"></span>, solange nur <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x,y\not =0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>y</mi>
<mo>≠</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x,y\not =0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7cd43eba9c9313fa823c2b075ef7863d63fb1330.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:7.78ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x,y\not =0}" loading="lazy"></span> ist, da diese dort eine Unstetigkeitsstelle hat. Ansonsten würde für <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x=0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x=0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/953917eaf52f2e1baad54c8c9e3d6f9bb3710cdc.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:5.591ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x=0}" loading="lazy"></span> ja für alle <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle y}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>y</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle y}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b8a6208ec717213d4317e666f1ae872e00620a0d.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.155ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle y}" loading="lazy"></span> stets <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 0=L(y)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mn>0</mn>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>L</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>y</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 0=L(y)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c58a35e094f362d0b3184c73857f153c75ff2bd3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:8.809ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 0=L(y)}" loading="lazy"></span> folgen, wenn man ihre Gültigkeit auf ganz <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbb {R} }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">R</mi>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbb {R} }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/786849c765da7a84dbc3cce43e96aad58a5868dc.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.678ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbb {R} }" loading="lazy"></span>, also auch bei <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x=0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x=0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/953917eaf52f2e1baad54c8c9e3d6f9bb3710cdc.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:5.591ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x=0}" loading="lazy"></span>, verlangen würde.
</p>
<ul><li><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x=\log _{b}0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mi>log</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>b</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x=\log _{b}0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/bad0dce6009f53cc09f94ca53943e2277154c2ea.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:9.887ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x=\log _{b}0}" loading="lazy"></span> müsste dann <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 0=b^{x}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mn>0</mn>
<mo>=</mo>
<msup>
<mi>b</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>x</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 0=b^{x}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/1cc943b714e5457dc1508cdcc79ac903491d23ae.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:6.431ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 0=b^{x}}" loading="lazy"></span> bedeuten. Ist <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle b}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>b</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle b}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f11423fbb2e967f986e36804a8ae4271734917c3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:0.998ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle b}" loading="lazy"></span> ungleich Null, ist dies jedoch für kein reelles <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>x</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/87f9e315fd7e2ba406057a97300593c4802b53e4.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.33ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x}" loading="lazy"></span> lösbar.</li>
<li>(als Beispiel die negative Zahl −1) <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x=\log _{b}(-1)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mi>log</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>b</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x=\log _{b}(-1)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/2e4de35b88b74a01c08ba5887bf41232db843e29.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:13.117ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x=\log _{b}(-1)}" loading="lazy"></span> müsste dann <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle -1=b^{x}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>=</mo>
<msup>
<mi>b</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>x</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle -1=b^{x}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/5dcb1c9d4a2d4a5d2bd1092e6c3404560f7ea319.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:8.239ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle -1=b^{x}}" loading="lazy"></span> bedeuten. Dies ist ebenfalls für keine reelle Zahl <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>x</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/87f9e315fd7e2ba406057a97300593c4802b53e4.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.33ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x}" loading="lazy"></span> möglich, wenn <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle b}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>b</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle b}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f11423fbb2e967f986e36804a8ae4271734917c3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:0.998ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle b}" loading="lazy"></span> größer Null ist.</li></ul>
<p>In der <a href="Funktionentheorie" title="Funktionentheorie">Funktionentheorie</a>, in der Funktionen von <a href="Komplexe_Zahlen" class="mw-redirect" title="Komplexe Zahlen">komplexen Zahlen</a> betrachtet werden, kann man den Logarithmus auch für negative Zahlen definieren (siehe <a href="#Komplexer_Logarithmus">Komplexer Logarithmus</a>), allerdings gelten dann einige der Rechenregeln nicht mehr. Auch in diesem Zusammenhang ist 0 keine <a href="Isolierte_Singularit%C3%A4t" title="Isolierte Singularität">isolierte Singularität</a>, sondern ein <a href="Verzweigungspunkt" class="mw-redirect" title="Verzweigungspunkt">Verzweigungspunkt</a>.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ableitung_und_Integral">Ableitung und Integral</h3></div>
<p>Die natürliche Logarithmusfunktion ist die <a href="Umkehrfunktion" title="Umkehrfunktion">Umkehrfunktion</a> der <a href="Exponentialfunktion" title="Exponentialfunktion">Exponentialfunktion</a>. Daher erhält man die <a href="Differentialrechnung" title="Differentialrechnung">Ableitung</a> des natürlichen Logarithmus einfach durch Anwendung der <a href="Umkehrregel" title="Umkehrregel">Umkehrregel</a> (siehe <a href="Umkehrregel#Beispiele" title="Umkehrregel">Beispiel dort</a>). Es ergibt sich
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\frac {\mathrm {d} }{\mathrm {d} x}}\ln(x)={\frac {1}{x}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>x</mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mi>ln</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mi>x</mi>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\frac {\mathrm {d} }{\mathrm {d} x}}\ln(x)={\frac {1}{x}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e7e0f2d4a2ba2eaa4aaea0752486212d65af14c3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.005ex; width:14.188ex; height:5.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\frac {\mathrm {d} }{\mathrm {d} x}}\ln(x)={\frac {1}{x}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>für <i>positives <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>x</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/87f9e315fd7e2ba406057a97300593c4802b53e4.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.33ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x}" loading="lazy"></span>.</i> Für <i>negatives <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>x</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/87f9e315fd7e2ba406057a97300593c4802b53e4.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.33ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x}" loading="lazy"></span></i> folgt daraus (wegen <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle -x>0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>&gt;</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle -x&gt;0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/6091718d574abc88a7c8570b3ccb0e779e7b2a47.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:7.399ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle -x>0}" loading="lazy"></span> und unter Anwendung der <a href="Kettenregel" title="Kettenregel">Kettenregel</a>)
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\frac {\mathrm {d} }{\mathrm {d} x}}\ln(-x)={\frac {1}{-x}}\cdot (-1)={\frac {1}{x}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>x</mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mi>ln</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mrow>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>x</mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mi>x</mi>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\frac {\mathrm {d} }{\mathrm {d} x}}\ln(-x)={\frac {1}{-x}}\cdot (-1)={\frac {1}{x}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/49850b5c35f4ee7fa9d7e02d4eb67a38a185960e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.005ex; width:29.528ex; height:5.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\frac {\mathrm {d} }{\mathrm {d} x}}\ln(-x)={\frac {1}{-x}}\cdot (-1)={\frac {1}{x}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>und wegen <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle |x|={\begin{cases}x,&amp;{\text{für }}x>0\\-x,&amp;{\text{für }}x<0\end{cases}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow>
<mo>{</mo>
<mtable columnalign="left left" rowspacing=".2em" columnspacing="1em" displaystyle="false">
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext>für&nbsp;</mtext>
</mrow>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>&gt;</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext>für&nbsp;</mtext>
</mrow>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>&lt;</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
</mtr>
</mtable>
<mo fence="true" stretchy="true" symmetric="true"></mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle |x|={\begin{cases}x,&amp;{\text{für }}x&gt;0\\-x,&amp;{\text{für }}x&lt;0\end{cases}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/07ca9473671ed7d20f04ff24870150cc0611d61c.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.171ex; width:23.665ex; height:7.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle |x|={\begin{cases}x,&amp;{\text{für }}x>0\\-x,&amp;{\text{für }}x<0\end{cases}}}" loading="lazy"></span> lässt sich beides zu
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \forall \ x\neq 0\colon {\frac {\mathrm {d} }{\mathrm {d} x}}\ln |x|={\frac {1}{x}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi mathvariant="normal">∀<!-- ∀ --></mi>
<mtext>&nbsp;</mtext>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>≠<!-- ≠ --></mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo>:<!-- : --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>x</mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mi>ln</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mi>x</mi>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \forall \ x\neq 0\colon {\frac {\mathrm {d} }{\mathrm {d} x}}\ln |x|={\frac {1}{x}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/33826a858aa416d36a6901a4d5c5f7a4ba2139d5.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.005ex; width:22.557ex; height:5.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \forall \ x\neq 0\colon {\frac {\mathrm {d} }{\mathrm {d} x}}\ln |x|={\frac {1}{x}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>zusammenfassen. Für allgemeine Logarithmen gilt:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\frac {\mathrm {d} }{\mathrm {d} x}}\log _{b}|x|={\frac {1}{x\ln b}}.}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>x</mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<msub>
<mi>log</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>b</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mrow>
<mi>x</mi>
<mi>ln</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mi>b</mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>.</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\frac {\mathrm {d} }{\mathrm {d} x}}\log _{b}|x|={\frac {1}{x\ln b}}.}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/3474396ad1794817e0398715542534dd5dfc61eb.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.005ex; width:20.388ex; height:5.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\frac {\mathrm {d} }{\mathrm {d} x}}\log _{b}|x|={\frac {1}{x\ln b}}.}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Für alle reellen <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x\neq 0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>≠<!-- ≠ --></mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x\neq 0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/35a455db7b2aab1b0e72ccbc7385e4424e2372e5.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:5.591ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x\neq 0}" loading="lazy"></span> ist
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \int _{-1}^{x}{{\frac {1}{t}}\,\mathrm {d} t}=\ln |x|,}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msubsup>
<mo>∫<!-- ∫ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>x</mi>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mi>t</mi>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>t</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>ln</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>,</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \int _{-1}^{x}{{\frac {1}{t}}\,\mathrm {d} t}=\ln |x|,}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/9056e7392ddd2cbbdda88828f494b72e19c72a1a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:17.237ex; height:6.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \int _{-1}^{x}{{\frac {1}{t}}\,\mathrm {d} t}=\ln |x|,}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>wobei für positives <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>x</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/87f9e315fd7e2ba406057a97300593c4802b53e4.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.33ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x}" loading="lazy"></span> (wenn also über den Pol bei <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle t=0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>t</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle t=0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/43469ec032d858feae5aa87029e22eaaf0109e9c.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:5.101ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle t=0}" loading="lazy"></span> integriert wird) der <a href="Cauchyscher_Hauptwert#Beispiel_(CH_1/x)" title="Cauchyscher Hauptwert">Hauptwert</a> des Integrals zu nehmen ist.
</p><p>Die <a href="Stammfunktion" title="Stammfunktion">Stammfunktion</a> (auch bekannt als <a href="Integralrechnung" title="Integralrechnung">unbestimmtes Integral</a>) des natürlichen Logarithmus lässt sich durch <a href="Partielle_Integration" title="Partielle Integration">partielle Integration</a> gewinnen:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\int {\ln |x|\,\mathrm {d} x}&amp;=\int 1\cdot \ln |x|\,\mathrm {d} x\\&amp;=\int {\frac {\mathrm {d} }{\mathrm {d} x}}x\cdot \ln |x|\,\mathrm {d} x\\&amp;=x\ln |x|-\int x{\frac {1}{x}}\,\mathrm {d} x\\&amp;=x\ln |x|\;-x+C.\end{aligned}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtable columnalign="right left right left right left right left right left right left" rowspacing="3pt" columnspacing="0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em" displaystyle="true">
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mo>∫<!-- ∫ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>ln</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>x</mi>
</mrow>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mi></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo>∫<!-- ∫ --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi>ln</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>x</mi>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd></mtd>
<mtd>
<mi></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo>∫<!-- ∫ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>x</mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi>ln</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>x</mi>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd></mtd>
<mtd>
<mi></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mi>ln</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mo>∫<!-- ∫ --></mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mi>x</mi>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>x</mi>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd></mtd>
<mtd>
<mi></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mi>ln</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mspace width="thickmathspace"></mspace>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>C</mi>
<mo>.</mo>
</mtd>
</mtr>
</mtable>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\int {\ln |x|\,\mathrm {d} x}&amp;=\int 1\cdot \ln |x|\,\mathrm {d} x\\&amp;=\int {\frac {\mathrm {d} }{\mathrm {d} x}}x\cdot \ln |x|\,\mathrm {d} x\\&amp;=x\ln |x|-\int x{\frac {1}{x}}\,\mathrm {d} x\\&amp;=x\ln |x|\;-x+C.\end{aligned}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/600ff94a6ef85a840b28da0dee88184075755b13.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -9.671ex; width:32.982ex; height:20.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\int {\ln |x|\,\mathrm {d} x}&amp;=\int 1\cdot \ln |x|\,\mathrm {d} x\\&amp;=\int {\frac {\mathrm {d} }{\mathrm {d} x}}x\cdot \ln |x|\,\mathrm {d} x\\&amp;=x\ln |x|-\int x{\frac {1}{x}}\,\mathrm {d} x\\&amp;=x\ln |x|\;-x+C.\end{aligned}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Ist bei einem bestimmten Integral des natürlichen Logarithmus eine der Grenzen Null, so kann die <a href="Regel_von_de_L%E2%80%99Hospital" title="Regel von de L’Hospital">Regel von de L’Hospital</a> angewendet werden.
</p>
<dl><dt>Beispiel</dt>
<dd></dd>
<dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \int _{0}^{1}{\ln x\,\mathrm {d} x}=[x\ln {x}-x]_{0}^{1}=-1,}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msubsup>
<mo>∫<!-- ∫ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>ln</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>x</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mi>ln</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>x</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<msubsup>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \int _{0}^{1}{\ln x\,\mathrm {d} x}=[x\ln {x}-x]_{0}^{1}=-1,}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/2e8a29f53f3d2a8eae6731953681efd34f9bcc52.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:32.276ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \int _{0}^{1}{\ln x\,\mathrm {d} x}=[x\ln {x}-x]_{0}^{1}=-1,}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>da
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\lim _{x\to 0^{+}}x\ln x&amp;=\lim _{x\to 0^{+}}{\frac {\ln x}{1/x}}\\&amp;=\lim _{x\to 0^{+}}{\frac {1/x}{-1/x^{2}}}\\&amp;=\lim _{x\to 0^{+}}-x\\&amp;=0.\end{aligned}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtable columnalign="right left right left right left right left right left right left" rowspacing="3pt" columnspacing="0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em" displaystyle="true">
<mtr>
<mtd>
<munder>
<mo movablelimits="true" form="prefix">lim</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<msup>
<mn>0</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>+</mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
</munder>
<mi>x</mi>
<mi>ln</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mi>x</mi>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mi></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<munder>
<mo movablelimits="true" form="prefix">lim</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<msup>
<mn>0</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>+</mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
</munder>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi>ln</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mi>x</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mn>1</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>/</mo>
</mrow>
<mi>x</mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd></mtd>
<mtd>
<mi></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<munder>
<mo movablelimits="true" form="prefix">lim</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<msup>
<mn>0</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>+</mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
</munder>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mn>1</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>/</mo>
</mrow>
<mi>x</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>/</mo>
</mrow>
<msup>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd></mtd>
<mtd>
<mi></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<munder>
<mo movablelimits="true" form="prefix">lim</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<msup>
<mn>0</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>+</mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
</munder>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>x</mi>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd></mtd>
<mtd>
<mi></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0.</mn>
</mtd>
</mtr>
</mtable>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\lim _{x\to 0^{+}}x\ln x&amp;=\lim _{x\to 0^{+}}{\frac {\ln x}{1/x}}\\&amp;=\lim _{x\to 0^{+}}{\frac {1/x}{-1/x^{2}}}\\&amp;=\lim _{x\to 0^{+}}-x\\&amp;=0.\end{aligned}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/8c9ff10638cc2e675d6530ab2abef98db7ee9ac9.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -9.505ex; width:26.565ex; height:20.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\lim _{x\to 0^{+}}x\ln x&amp;=\lim _{x\to 0^{+}}{\frac {\ln x}{1/x}}\\&amp;=\lim _{x\to 0^{+}}{\frac {1/x}{-1/x^{2}}}\\&amp;=\lim _{x\to 0^{+}}-x\\&amp;=0.\end{aligned}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kurvendiskussion">Kurvendiskussion</h3></div>
<ul><li><a href="Definitionsmenge" title="Definitionsmenge">Definitionsmenge</a>: <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbb {R} ^{+}={\mathopen {]}}0,\infty {\mathclose {[}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">R</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>+</mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-OPEN">
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∞<!-- ∞ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-CLOSE">
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbb {R} ^{+}={\mathopen {]}}0,\infty {\mathclose {[}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/468db4e96cb23e3d62fc8094c04ab400e4a445a5.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:12.101ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbb {R} ^{+}={\mathopen {]}}0,\infty {\mathclose {[}}}" loading="lazy"></span></li>
<li><a href="Bild_(Mathematik)" title="Bild (Mathematik)">Wertemenge</a>: <a href="Reelle_Zahlen" class="mw-redirect" title="Reelle Zahlen"><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbb {R} }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">R</mi>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbb {R} }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/786849c765da7a84dbc3cce43e96aad58a5868dc.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.678ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbb {R} }" loading="lazy"></span></a></li>
<li><a href="Nullstelle" title="Nullstelle">Nullstellenmenge</a> bzw. Kurvenschnittpunkte mit den <a href="Koordinatenachse" title="Koordinatenachse">Koordinatenachsen</a>: {1} bzw. (1|0)</li>
<li>Asymptotisches <a href="Grenzwert_(Funktion)" title="Grenzwert (Funktion)">Verhalten</a>:</li></ul>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \lim _{x\to 0^{+}}\log _{b}x={\begin{cases}-\infty ,&amp;{\text{wenn }}b>1\\+\infty ,&amp;{\text{wenn }}b<1\end{cases}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<munder>
<mo movablelimits="true" form="prefix">lim</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<msup>
<mn>0</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>+</mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
</munder>
<msub>
<mi>log</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>b</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow>
<mo>{</mo>
<mtable columnalign="left left" rowspacing=".2em" columnspacing="1em" displaystyle="false">
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∞<!-- ∞ --></mi>
<mo>,</mo>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext>wenn&nbsp;</mtext>
</mrow>
<mi>b</mi>
<mo>&gt;</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∞<!-- ∞ --></mi>
<mo>,</mo>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext>wenn&nbsp;</mtext>
</mrow>
<mi>b</mi>
<mo>&lt;</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mtd>
</mtr>
</mtable>
<mo fence="true" stretchy="true" symmetric="true"></mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \lim _{x\to 0^{+}}\log _{b}x={\begin{cases}-\infty ,&amp;{\text{wenn }}b&gt;1\\+\infty ,&amp;{\text{wenn }}b&lt;1\end{cases}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/1d1f6695cb0ca44f0d0dfa053571ab58ae66b534.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:34.45ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \lim _{x\to 0^{+}}\log _{b}x={\begin{cases}-\infty ,&amp;{\text{wenn }}b>1\\+\infty ,&amp;{\text{wenn }}b<1\end{cases}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \lim _{x\to \infty }\log _{b}x={\begin{cases}+\infty ,&amp;{\text{wenn }}b>1\\-\infty ,&amp;{\text{wenn }}b<1\end{cases}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<munder>
<mo movablelimits="true" form="prefix">lim</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∞<!-- ∞ --></mi>
</mrow>
</munder>
<msub>
<mi>log</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>b</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow>
<mo>{</mo>
<mtable columnalign="left left" rowspacing=".2em" columnspacing="1em" displaystyle="false">
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∞<!-- ∞ --></mi>
<mo>,</mo>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext>wenn&nbsp;</mtext>
</mrow>
<mi>b</mi>
<mo>&gt;</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∞<!-- ∞ --></mi>
<mo>,</mo>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext>wenn&nbsp;</mtext>
</mrow>
<mi>b</mi>
<mo>&lt;</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mtd>
</mtr>
</mtable>
<mo fence="true" stretchy="true" symmetric="true"></mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \lim _{x\to \infty }\log _{b}x={\begin{cases}+\infty ,&amp;{\text{wenn }}b&gt;1\\-\infty ,&amp;{\text{wenn }}b&lt;1\end{cases}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c90c00ea26da0c096fe1c55ade49d61c27bb179a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:34.069ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \lim _{x\to \infty }\log _{b}x={\begin{cases}+\infty ,&amp;{\text{wenn }}b>1\\-\infty ,&amp;{\text{wenn }}b<1\end{cases}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<ul><li>Erste <a href="Differentialrechnung" title="Differentialrechnung">Ableitung</a>:</li></ul>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle (\log _{b}|x|)'={\frac {1}{x\ln b}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>log</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>b</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>′</mo>
</msup>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mrow>
<mi>x</mi>
<mi>ln</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mi>b</mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle (\log _{b}|x|)'={\frac {1}{x\ln b}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/0e30ea63803674db4b75b77620d8f76389449aab.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.005ex; width:18.389ex; height:5.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle (\log _{b}|x|)'={\frac {1}{x\ln b}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<ul><li><a href="Extrempunkt" class="mw-redirect" title="Extrempunkt">Extrempunkte</a>: keine</li>
<li><a href="Wendepunkt" title="Wendepunkt">Wendepunkte</a>: keine</li>
<li><a href="Reelle_monotone_Funktion" class="mw-redirect" title="Reelle monotone Funktion">Monotonie</a>: streng monoton steigend/wachsend (wenn <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle b>1}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>b</mi>
<mo>&gt;</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle b&gt;1}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/0041c936812fb809c4511e31eb0404de9d48511b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:5.258ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle b>1}" loading="lazy"></span>) bzw. fallend (wenn <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle b<1}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>b</mi>
<mo>&lt;</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle b&lt;1}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/474aaaee8d5178a7839515611341b818b060597a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:5.258ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle b<1}" loading="lazy"></span>)</li>
<li><a href="Fl%C3%A4cheninhalt" title="Flächeninhalt">Flächeninhalt</a> der Fläche zwischen Kurve, y-Achse und x-Achse bis x ≤ 1: <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\frac {1}{|\ln b|}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mi>ln</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mi>b</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\frac {1}{|\ln b|}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/2e8319d162de534224573523e190a1792a6c6f51.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.671ex; width:5.841ex; height:6.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\frac {1}{|\ln b|}}}" loading="lazy"></span></li>
<li><a href="Kr%C3%BCmmung" title="Krümmung">Krümmungs</a>extremum bei <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x_{k}={\frac {1}{{\sqrt {2}}|\ln b|}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>k</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msqrt>
<mn>2</mn>
</msqrt>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mi>ln</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mi>b</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x_{k}={\frac {1}{{\sqrt {2}}|\ln b|}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/9a2587a4455522db99f20fc156c104c29665ace0.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.005ex; width:14.456ex; height:6.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x_{k}={\frac {1}{{\sqrt {2}}|\ln b|}}}" loading="lazy"></span> mit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \kappa (x_{k})=-{\frac {2\ln b}{3{\sqrt {3}}}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>κ<!-- κ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>k</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>ln</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mi>b</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mn>3</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msqrt>
<mn>3</mn>
</msqrt>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \kappa (x_{k})=-{\frac {2\ln b}{3{\sqrt {3}}}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/16db3fb8e8c7af68eec446a08797c9b505f49696.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.838ex; width:16.183ex; height:6.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \kappa (x_{k})=-{\frac {2\ln b}{3{\sqrt {3}}}}}" loading="lazy"></span></li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Natürlicher_Logarithmus"><span id="Nat.C3.BCrlicher_Logarithmus"></span>Natürlicher Logarithmus</h2></div>
<p>Der Logarithmus zur Basis <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {e} }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {e} }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/3a1f6ea7bf1c1e53e8200cb7e2917ccb23df457b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.032ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {e} }" loading="lazy"></span> (der <a href="Eulersche_Zahl" title="Eulersche Zahl">Eulerschen Zahl</a>) wird auch als <b>natürlicher Logarithmus</b> bezeichnet und mit „ln“ oder oft auch „log“ (ohne <a href="Tiefstellung" title="Tiefstellung">Tiefstellung</a>) abgekürzt:
</p>
<dl><dd>Wenn <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle y=\mathrm {e} ^{x}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>y</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>x</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle y=\mathrm {e} ^{x}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/6a2adb22cce95edd14885b5cd2ef07af0c802f1c.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:6.459ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle y=\mathrm {e} ^{x}}" loading="lazy"></span>, dann ist <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x=\log _{\mathrm {e} }y=\ln y}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mi>log</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mi>y</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>ln</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mi>y</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x=\log _{\mathrm {e} }y=\ln y}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b40f84d8145ca020a6f9476ea33b6c1cc06df039.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:16.485ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x=\log _{\mathrm {e} }y=\ln y}" loading="lazy"></span></dd>
<dd>– oder einfacher formuliert: <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \ln(\mathrm {e} ^{x})=x}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>ln</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>x</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \ln(\mathrm {e} ^{x})=x}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d90f327f99a87e18ea087018a129b986bf66bfaa.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:10.382ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \ln(\mathrm {e} ^{x})=x}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Die Zahl <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {e} }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {e} }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/3a1f6ea7bf1c1e53e8200cb7e2917ccb23df457b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.032ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {e} }" loading="lazy"></span> ist z.&nbsp;B. dadurch ausgezeichnet (und könnte auch so definiert werden), dass die <a href="Exponentialfunktion" title="Exponentialfunktion">Exponentialfunktion</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {e} ^{x}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>x</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {e} ^{x}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/671522476834c1addcede5863cd14e9c86e75cd5.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.205ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {e} ^{x}}" loading="lazy"></span> sich bei Ableitung nach <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>x</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/87f9e315fd7e2ba406057a97300593c4802b53e4.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.33ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x}" loading="lazy"></span> wieder selbst reproduziert, als Formel:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\frac {\mathrm {d} }{\mathrm {d} x}}\mathrm {e} ^{x}=\mathrm {e} ^{x}.}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>x</mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>x</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>=</mo>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>x</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>.</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\frac {\mathrm {d} }{\mathrm {d} x}}\mathrm {e} ^{x}=\mathrm {e} ^{x}.}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/cc66dafd4a880d3a029066aa094fdf0b64e649b6.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.005ex; width:11.613ex; height:5.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\frac {\mathrm {d} }{\mathrm {d} x}}\mathrm {e} ^{x}=\mathrm {e} ^{x}.}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Der Begriff <i>natürlicher Logarithmus</i> wurde gewählt, weil sowohl die Exponentialfunktion als auch der Logarithmus zur Basis <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {e} }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {e} }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/3a1f6ea7bf1c1e53e8200cb7e2917ccb23df457b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.032ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {e} }" loading="lazy"></span> in vielen Zusammenhängen (<a href="Integralrechnung" title="Integralrechnung">Integralrechnung</a>, <a href="Differentialrechnung" title="Differentialrechnung">Differentialrechnung</a>, <a href="Komplexe_Zahlen" class="mw-redirect" title="Komplexe Zahlen">Komplexe Zahlen</a>, <a href="Trigonometrie" title="Trigonometrie">Trigonometrie</a>) auf natürliche Weise ohne Vorfaktoren auftreten. Insbesondere lässt sich der natürliche Logarithmus sehr einfach integrieren und differenzieren.
</p><p>Der natürliche Logarithmus <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \ln }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>ln</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \ln }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c0de5ba4f372ede555d00035e70c50ed0b9625d0.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.939ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \ln }" loading="lazy"></span> ist eine Stammfunktion <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle F}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>F</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle F}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/545fd099af8541605f7ee55f08225526be88ce57.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.741ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle F}" loading="lazy"></span> der Kehrwertfunktion <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>f</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle f}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/132e57acb643253e7810ee9702d9581f159a1c61.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.279ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f}" loading="lazy"></span> mit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f(x)=x^{-1}={\tfrac {1}{x}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<msup>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mi>x</mi>
</mfrac>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle f(x)=x^{-1}={\tfrac {1}{x}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/5b304188bc600aa3a90cbba46842fbf9025cc38a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:16.053ex; height:3.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f(x)=x^{-1}={\tfrac {1}{x}}}" loading="lazy"></span>, nämlich genau die mit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle F(1)=0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>F</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle F(1)=0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f5ca6bce9f204877a6a7b349dcf34707a4d7b4eb.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:8.973ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle F(1)=0}" loading="lazy"></span>.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Berechnung_des_Logarithmus">Berechnung des Logarithmus</h2></div>
<p>Die Berechnung eines Logarithmus ist prinzipiell kompliziert. Sie lässt sich „mit Papier und Bleistift“ nur durch die vielfache Wiederholung bestimmter Rechenvorgänge erreichen, wobei das Ergebnis des gerade ausgeführten Schrittes als Ausgangsbasis für den nächsten Rechenschritt verwendet wird (<a href="Iteration" title="Iteration">Iterative Vorgehensweise</a>).
Meist kann man sich dem Wert nur annähern <i>(<a href="Approximation" title="Approximation">Approximation</a>)</i>.
Dazu gibt es verschiedene mögliche Vorgehensweisen, von denen einige im Folgenden dargestellt sind. Anfangs ist das Ergebnis dieser Teilschritte jeweils relativ weit entfernt von dem korrekten Ergebnis, wird aber bei jedem weiteren Rechenschritt genauer: es <a href="Grenzwert_(Folge)" title="Grenzwert (Folge)">konvergiert</a> zu dem korrekten Ergebnis. Solche iterativen Rechenoperationen sind sehr gut geeignet, um sie automatisch von einem <a href="Taschenrechner" title="Taschenrechner">Taschenrechner</a> oder <a href="Computer" title="Computer">Computer</a> ausführen zu lassen, wo lediglich eine Taste gedrückt werden muss (falls auf dem Gerät vorgesehen), um den Logarithmus der eingegebenen Zahl zu einer festgelegten Basis (meist der <a href="Eulersche_Zahl" title="Eulersche Zahl">Eulerschen Zahl</a> <i>e</i> = 2,718… oder der Zahl 10) zu berechnen. Die folgenden Rechenbeispiele sind jeweils nur zur Berechnung des Logarithmus einer beliebigen Zahl zur Basis <i>e (natürlicher Logarithmus)</i> oder 2 geeignet.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Potenzreihe">Potenzreihe</h3></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Reihe_über_den_Logarithmus_Naturalis"><span id="Reihe_.C3.BCber_den_Logarithmus_Naturalis"></span>Reihe über den Logarithmus Naturalis</h4></div>
<p>Die Potenzreihenentwicklung des natürlichen Logarithmus um den Entwicklungspunkt 1 ergibt sich für <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle -1<x\leq 1}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>&lt;</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>≤<!-- ≤ --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle -1&lt;x\leq 1}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/6b3146f6393631821d264b39f7bf2a9fc1e60cb0.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:11.66ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle -1<x\leq 1}" loading="lazy"></span> als
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\ln(1+x)&amp;=-\sum _{k=0}^{\infty }{\frac {(-x)^{k+1}}{k+1}}\\&amp;=x-{\frac {x^{2}}{2}}+{\frac {x^{3}}{3}}-{\frac {x^{4}}{4}}\pm \dotsb \\&amp;\qquad \dotsb +(-1)^{n+1}{\frac {x^{n}}{n}}\;+\;R_{n+1}(x)\,.\end{aligned}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtable columnalign="right left right left right left right left right left right left" rowspacing="3pt" columnspacing="0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em" displaystyle="true">
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mi>ln</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mi></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<munderover>
<mo>∑<!-- ∑ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>k</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">∞<!-- ∞ --></mi>
</mrow>
</munderover>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>k</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mi>k</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd></mtd>
<mtd>
<mi></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<msup>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mn>2</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>+</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<msup>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mn>3</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<msup>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>4</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mn>4</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>±<!-- ± --></mo>
<mo>⋯<!-- ⋯ --></mo>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd></mtd>
<mtd>
<mi></mi>
<mspace width="2em"></mspace>
<mo>⋯<!-- ⋯ --></mo>
<mo>+</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<msup>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mi>n</mi>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mspace width="thickmathspace"></mspace>
<mo>+</mo>
<mspace width="thickmathspace"></mspace>
<msub>
<mi>R</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mo>.</mo>
</mtd>
</mtr>
</mtable>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\ln(1+x)&amp;=-\sum _{k=0}^{\infty }{\frac {(-x)^{k+1}}{k+1}}\\&amp;=x-{\frac {x^{2}}{2}}+{\frac {x^{3}}{3}}-{\frac {x^{4}}{4}}\pm \dotsb \\&amp;\qquad \dotsb +(-1)^{n+1}{\frac {x^{n}}{n}}\;+\;R_{n+1}(x)\,.\end{aligned}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/99886e2a9d092c5dd55443f1b42f91b14fc19f85.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -8.671ex; width:45.298ex; height:18.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\ln(1+x)&amp;=-\sum _{k=0}^{\infty }{\frac {(-x)^{k+1}}{k+1}}\\&amp;=x-{\frac {x^{2}}{2}}+{\frac {x^{3}}{3}}-{\frac {x^{4}}{4}}\pm \dotsb \\&amp;\qquad \dotsb +(-1)^{n+1}{\frac {x^{n}}{n}}\;+\;R_{n+1}(x)\,.\end{aligned}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Sie konvergiert nicht sonderlich schnell an den Rändern des Konvergenzintervalls, das Restglied der <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>n</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a601995d55609f2d9f5e233e36fbe9ea26011b3b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.395ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n}" loading="lazy"></span>-ten Partialsumme hat die Größe
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle |R_{n+1}(x)|\leq {\frac {|x|^{n+1}}{(n+1)(1-|x|)}}.}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<msub>
<mi>R</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>≤<!-- ≤ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mi>x</mi>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>n</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>.</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle |R_{n+1}(x)|\leq {\frac {|x|^{n+1}}{(n+1)(1-|x|)}}.}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/32861083b33e8f0dea92a808c5a7298d34a31492.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.671ex; width:29.739ex; height:6.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle |R_{n+1}(x)|\leq {\frac {|x|^{n+1}}{(n+1)(1-|x|)}}.}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Mit Hilfe der Formel <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \ln(x)=m\ln(2)+\ln(2^{-m}x)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>ln</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>m</mi>
<mi>ln</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>ln</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msup>
<mn>2</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>m</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \ln(x)=m\ln(2)+\ln(2^{-m}x)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/8a1ae091083fe93aba1dac823b4a3e53efb6f854.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:27.55ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \ln(x)=m\ln(2)+\ln(2^{-m}x)}" loading="lazy"></span> kann man die Berechnung des Logarithmus für beliebige <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>x</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/87f9e315fd7e2ba406057a97300593c4802b53e4.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.33ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x}" loading="lazy"></span> auf die für Werte im Intervall <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\big [}{\tfrac {2}{3}},{\tfrac {4}{3}}{\big ]}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo maxsize="1.2em" minsize="1.2em">[</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mfrac>
<mn>2</mn>
<mn>3</mn>
</mfrac>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<mo>,</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mfrac>
<mn>4</mn>
<mn>3</mn>
</mfrac>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo maxsize="1.2em" minsize="1.2em">]</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\big [}{\tfrac {2}{3}},{\tfrac {4}{3}}{\big ]}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/89bf046deb1bfafc66057e0bfd62d60fc6d6e94d.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.338ex; width:6.29ex; height:3.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\big [}{\tfrac {2}{3}},{\tfrac {4}{3}}{\big ]}}" loading="lazy"></span> reduzieren, d.&nbsp;h., man findet immer <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle m}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>m</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle m}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/0a07d98bb302f3856cbabc47b2b9016692e3f7bc.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.04ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle m}" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle y}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>y</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle y}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b8a6208ec717213d4317e666f1ae872e00620a0d.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.155ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle y}" loading="lazy"></span> mit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 2^{-m}x=1+y}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mn>2</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>m</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>y</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 2^{-m}x=1+y}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/9490b5f25e75b18ec00e620d1074849252a7a903.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:13.703ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 2^{-m}x=1+y}" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle |y|\leq {\tfrac {1}{3}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mi>y</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>≤<!-- ≤ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mn>3</mn>
</mfrac>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle |y|\leq {\tfrac {1}{3}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ea438f816637946891f0f7b89cf309967e1853ca.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.338ex; width:7.206ex; height:3.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle |y|\leq {\tfrac {1}{3}}}" loading="lazy"></span>
</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Reihe_über_den_Areatangens_Hyperbolicus"><span id="Reihe_.C3.BCber_den_Areatangens_Hyperbolicus"></span>Reihe über den Areatangens Hyperbolicus</h4></div>
<p>Mehr Flexibilität in der Reduktion auf Zahlen nahe 1 und eine Halbierung des Berechnungsaufwandes bietet folgende <a href="Reihe_(Mathematik)" title="Reihe (Mathematik)">Reihendarstellung</a>, die auf der Potenzreihenentwicklung des <a href="Areatangens_hyperbolicus" class="mw-redirect" title="Areatangens hyperbolicus">Areatangens hyperbolicus</a>  <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \operatorname {artanh} }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>artanh</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \operatorname {artanh} }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/17ac4feb3bc13f90ef6b4a5623a63e9f8e95a1c8.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:6.726ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \operatorname {artanh} }" loading="lazy"></span>  beruht,
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\ln x&amp;=2\operatorname {artanh} {\frac {x-1}{x+1}}\\&amp;=\sum _{k=0}^{\infty }{\frac {2}{2k+1}}\cdot \left({\frac {x-1}{x+1}}\right)^{2k+1}\\&amp;=\sum _{k=0}^{n}{\frac {2}{2k+1}}\cdot \left({\frac {x-1}{x+1}}\right)^{2k+1}\!\!+\,\,R_{n+1}(x)\end{aligned}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtable columnalign="right left right left right left right left right left right left" rowspacing="3pt" columnspacing="0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em" displaystyle="true">
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mi>ln</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mi>x</mi>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mi></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>artanh</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd></mtd>
<mtd>
<mi></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<munderover>
<mo>∑<!-- ∑ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>k</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">∞<!-- ∞ --></mi>
</mrow>
</munderover>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>2</mn>
<mrow>
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>k</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<msup>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>k</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd></mtd>
<mtd>
<mi></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<munderover>
<mo>∑<!-- ∑ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>k</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</munderover>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>2</mn>
<mrow>
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>k</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<msup>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>k</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mspace width="negativethinmathspace"></mspace>
<mspace width="negativethinmathspace"></mspace>
<mo>+</mo>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<msub>
<mi>R</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mtd>
</mtr>
</mtable>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\ln x&amp;=2\operatorname {artanh} {\frac {x-1}{x+1}}\\&amp;=\sum _{k=0}^{\infty }{\frac {2}{2k+1}}\cdot \left({\frac {x-1}{x+1}}\right)^{2k+1}\\&amp;=\sum _{k=0}^{n}{\frac {2}{2k+1}}\cdot \left({\frac {x-1}{x+1}}\right)^{2k+1}\!\!+\,\,R_{n+1}(x)\end{aligned}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b3a37a48428f26e263306015cf87a13bfc50ffc7.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -9.505ex; width:44.803ex; height:20.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\ln x&amp;=2\operatorname {artanh} {\frac {x-1}{x+1}}\\&amp;=\sum _{k=0}^{\infty }{\frac {2}{2k+1}}\cdot \left({\frac {x-1}{x+1}}\right)^{2k+1}\\&amp;=\sum _{k=0}^{n}{\frac {2}{2k+1}}\cdot \left({\frac {x-1}{x+1}}\right)^{2k+1}\!\!+\,\,R_{n+1}(x)\end{aligned}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>mit der Restgliedabschätzung
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle |R_{n+1}(x)|\leq {\frac {(x-1)^{2}}{2(2n+3)\,|x|}}\left|{\frac {x-1}{x+1}}\right|^{2n+1}.}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<msub>
<mi>R</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>≤<!-- ≤ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mn>2</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>n</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>3</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<msup>
<mrow>
<mo>|</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>|</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>n</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>.</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle |R_{n+1}(x)|\leq {\frac {(x-1)^{2}}{2(2n+3)\,|x|}}\left|{\frac {x-1}{x+1}}\right|^{2n+1}.}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/15ea737a89ec1f959541407916845de7d6b44d0f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.671ex; width:38.243ex; height:6.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle |R_{n+1}(x)|\leq {\frac {(x-1)^{2}}{2(2n+3)\,|x|}}\left|{\frac {x-1}{x+1}}\right|^{2n+1}.}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Die Reihe konvergiert für <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x>0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>&gt;</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x&gt;0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/80d24be5f0eb4a9173da6038badc8659546021d0.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:5.591ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x>0}" loading="lazy"></span>, zeigt für <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>x</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/87f9e315fd7e2ba406057a97300593c4802b53e4.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.33ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x}" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\tfrac {1}{x}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mi>x</mi>
</mfrac>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\tfrac {1}{x}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e3da30de216ba1a9649809913816f8b640eb26f9.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:1.776ex; height:3.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\tfrac {1}{x}}}" loading="lazy"></span> ähnliches Konvergenzverhalten und konvergiert umso besser,
je näher <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>x</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/87f9e315fd7e2ba406057a97300593c4802b53e4.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.33ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x}" loading="lazy"></span> bei 1 liegt. Um dies zu erreichen, verwendet man wieder
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \ln x=2m\ln({\sqrt {2}})+\ln(2^{-m}x).}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>ln</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>m</mi>
<mi>ln</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msqrt>
<mn>2</mn>
</msqrt>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>ln</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msup>
<mn>2</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>m</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>.</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \ln x=2m\ln({\sqrt {2}})+\ln(2^{-m}x).}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/234ad935d56e0f062a575f9b52281839b3abdfa4.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:29.873ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \ln x=2m\ln({\sqrt {2}})+\ln(2^{-m}x).}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Durch Wahl einer geeigneten ganzen Zahl <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle m}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>m</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle m}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/0a07d98bb302f3856cbabc47b2b9016692e3f7bc.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.04ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle m}" loading="lazy"></span> kann man immer erreichen, dass gilt
<span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\tfrac {1}{\sqrt {2}}}\leq 2^{-m}x\leq {\sqrt {2}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<msqrt>
<mn>2</mn>
</msqrt>
</mfrac>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<mo>≤<!-- ≤ --></mo>
<msup>
<mn>2</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>m</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>≤<!-- ≤ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msqrt>
<mn>2</mn>
</msqrt>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\tfrac {1}{\sqrt {2}}}\leq 2^{-m}x\leq {\sqrt {2}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/784f93269747e9e1f93b301a33f3adb1a7ef77e8.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:17.768ex; height:4.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\tfrac {1}{\sqrt {2}}}\leq 2^{-m}x\leq {\sqrt {2}}}" loading="lazy"></span>
und erhöht damit die Konvergenzgeschwindigkeit der Reihe, die man jetzt für <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 2^{-m}x}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mn>2</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>m</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mi>x</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 2^{-m}x}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/9c9f1675eaae97e952e539e00ff67d4560c3ff52.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:5.446ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 2^{-m}x}" loading="lazy"></span> berechnet. Allerdings muss man zusätzlich noch eine Näherung für <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \ln {\sqrt {2}}={\tfrac {1}{2}}\ln 2}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>ln</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msqrt>
<mn>2</mn>
</msqrt>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mn>2</mn>
</mfrac>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<mi>ln</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mn>2</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \ln {\sqrt {2}}={\tfrac {1}{2}}\ln 2}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/11a3f8713b8103f5ec610116591032e1d5d76c7a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.171ex; width:14.057ex; height:3.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \ln {\sqrt {2}}={\tfrac {1}{2}}\ln 2}" loading="lazy"></span> berechnen, was über die gleiche Reihe erfolgt. Eine solche Transformation auf ein Intervall <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\big [}{\tfrac {1}{b}},b{\big ]}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo maxsize="1.2em" minsize="1.2em">[</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mi>b</mi>
</mfrac>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>b</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo maxsize="1.2em" minsize="1.2em">]</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\big [}{\tfrac {1}{b}},b{\big ]}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/67acf657173334d1206beff1bee74b1baa31032a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.338ex; width:5.629ex; height:3.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\big [}{\tfrac {1}{b}},b{\big ]}}" loading="lazy"></span> durch Skalierung von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>x</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/87f9e315fd7e2ba406057a97300593c4802b53e4.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.33ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x}" loading="lazy"></span> mit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle b^{2m}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>b</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>m</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle b^{2m}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/507a2d308516e53cbae918fe770cb561c510082e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:3.495ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle b^{2m}}" loading="lazy"></span> ist auch für andere Werte von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle b}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>b</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle b}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f11423fbb2e967f986e36804a8ae4271734917c3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:0.998ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle b}" loading="lazy"></span> möglich, durch die besonders einfache Handhabung der <i>2</i> in binär dargestellten Zahlen wird selten ein anderer Faktor verwendet.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kettenbruch">Kettenbruch</h3></div>
<p>Die oben angegebene Potenzreihe von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \ln(1+x)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>ln</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \ln(1+x)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c16ccd97dc2eaef5ce6d8b7bc593a0e2dbd3dca4.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:9.081ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \ln(1+x)}" loading="lazy"></span> lässt sich auch als <a href="Kettenbruch" title="Kettenbruch">Kettenbruch</a> darstellen:<sup id="cite_ref-Lorentzen_2008_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lorentzen_2008-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \ln(1+x)={\cfrac {x}{1-0x+{\cfrac {1^{2}x}{2-1x+{\cfrac {2^{2}x}{3-2x+{\cfrac {3^{2}x}{4-3x+\ddots }}}}}}}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>ln</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mpadded width="0" height="8.6pt" depth="3pt">
<mrow></mrow>
</mpadded>
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>x</mi>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mpadded width="0" height="8.6pt" depth="3pt">
<mrow></mrow>
</mpadded>
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mpadded width="0" height="8.6pt" depth="3pt">
<mrow></mrow>
</mpadded>
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msup>
<mn>1</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mi>x</mi>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mpadded width="0" height="8.6pt" depth="3pt">
<mrow></mrow>
</mpadded>
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mpadded width="0" height="8.6pt" depth="3pt">
<mrow></mrow>
</mpadded>
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msup>
<mn>2</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mi>x</mi>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mpadded width="0" height="8.6pt" depth="3pt">
<mrow></mrow>
</mpadded>
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mpadded width="0" height="8.6pt" depth="3pt">
<mrow></mrow>
</mpadded>
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msup>
<mn>3</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mi>x</mi>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mpadded width="0" height="8.6pt" depth="3pt">
<mrow></mrow>
</mpadded>
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>4</mn>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>3</mn>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mo>⋱<!-- ⋱ --></mo>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \ln(1+x)={\cfrac {x}{1-0x+{\cfrac {1^{2}x}{2-1x+{\cfrac {2^{2}x}{3-2x+{\cfrac {3^{2}x}{4-3x+\ddots }}}}}}}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/31572e68086f30d74ce31b1dd2cc57b61ec563f5.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -15.338ex; width:55.844ex; height:19.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \ln(1+x)={\cfrac {x}{1-0x+{\cfrac {1^{2}x}{2-1x+{\cfrac {2^{2}x}{3-2x+{\cfrac {3^{2}x}{4-3x+\ddots }}}}}}}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Additive_Zerlegung">Additive Zerlegung</h3></div>
<p>Der natürliche Logarithmus  <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \ln }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>ln</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \ln }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c0de5ba4f372ede555d00035e70c50ed0b9625d0.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.939ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \ln }" loading="lazy"></span>  steht, wie im obigen Abschnitt erwähnt, mit dem <a href="Areatangens_hyperbolicus_und_Areakotangens_hyperbolicus#Definitionen" title="Areatangens hyperbolicus und Areakotangens hyperbolicus">Areatangens hyperbolicus</a>  <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \operatorname {artanh} }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>artanh</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \operatorname {artanh} }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/17ac4feb3bc13f90ef6b4a5623a63e9f8e95a1c8.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:6.726ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \operatorname {artanh} }" loading="lazy"></span>  per
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \ln x=2\operatorname {artanh} {\frac {x-1}{x+1}}\qquad \,(0<x)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>ln</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>artanh</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mspace width="2em"></mspace>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo>&lt;</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \ln x=2\operatorname {artanh} {\frac {x-1}{x+1}}\qquad \,(0&lt;x)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/56834bf7d2c85bece6f48da0a1679aa76c84feb4.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.005ex; width:34.018ex; height:5.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \ln x=2\operatorname {artanh} {\frac {x-1}{x+1}}\qquad \,(0<x)}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>in Beziehung, was nach der anderen Seite aufgelöst
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \operatorname {artanh} u={\frac {1}{2}}\ln {\frac {1+u}{1-u}}\qquad (-1<u<1)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>artanh</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mi>u</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mn>2</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mi>ln</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>u</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>u</mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mspace width="2em"></mspace>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>&lt;</mo>
<mi>u</mi>
<mo>&lt;</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \operatorname {artanh} u={\frac {1}{2}}\ln {\frac {1+u}{1-u}}\qquad (-1&lt;u&lt;1)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/aaf79e45b69b5a6a01ece841ed464a185de22774.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.005ex; width:40.536ex; height:5.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \operatorname {artanh} u={\frac {1}{2}}\ln {\frac {1+u}{1-u}}\qquad (-1<u<1)}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>ergibt.
</p><p>Die Logarithmen der positiv-ganzzahligen Numeri lassen sich damit in aufsteigenden Einerstufen der Form
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\ln(n+1)&amp;=\ln n+\ln {\frac {n+1}{n}}=\ln n+2\operatorname {artanh} {\frac {1}{2n+1}}\\&amp;=2\sum _{\nu =1}^{n}\operatorname {artanh} {\frac {1}{2\nu +1}}\end{aligned}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtable columnalign="right left right left right left right left right left right left" rowspacing="3pt" columnspacing="0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em" displaystyle="true">
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mi>ln</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>n</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mi></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>ln</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mi>n</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>ln</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi>n</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
<mi>n</mi>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>ln</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mi>n</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>artanh</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mrow>
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>n</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd></mtd>
<mtd>
<mi></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<munderover>
<mo>∑<!-- ∑ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>ν<!-- ν --></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</munderover>
<mi>artanh</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mrow>
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>ν<!-- ν --></mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mtd>
</mtr>
</mtable>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\ln(n+1)&amp;=\ln n+\ln {\frac {n+1}{n}}=\ln n+2\operatorname {artanh} {\frac {1}{2n+1}}\\&amp;=2\sum _{\nu =1}^{n}\operatorname {artanh} {\frac {1}{2\nu +1}}\end{aligned}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a907736646a6c0d1304c91aad4899b8ee10bddb3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -5.671ex; width:53.837ex; height:12.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\ln(n+1)&amp;=\ln n+\ln {\frac {n+1}{n}}=\ln n+2\operatorname {artanh} {\frac {1}{2n+1}}\\&amp;=2\sum _{\nu =1}^{n}\operatorname {artanh} {\frac {1}{2\nu +1}}\end{aligned}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>darstellen und ausrechnen. Dabei verbessert sich das Konvergenzverhalten der <a href="Taylorreihe" title="Taylorreihe">Taylorreihe</a>
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \operatorname {artanh} u=\sum _{k=0}^{\infty }{\frac {u^{2k+1}}{2k+1}}=u+{\frac {1}{3}}u^{3}+{\frac {1}{5}}u^{5}+{\frac {1}{7}}u^{7}+\ldots }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>artanh</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mi>u</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<munderover>
<mo>∑<!-- ∑ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>k</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">∞<!-- ∞ --></mi>
</mrow>
</munderover>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<msup>
<mi>u</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>k</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mrow>
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>k</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>u</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mn>3</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<msup>
<mi>u</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>+</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mn>5</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<msup>
<mi>u</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>5</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>+</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mn>7</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<msup>
<mi>u</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>7</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>+</mo>
<mo>…<!-- … --></mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \operatorname {artanh} u=\sum _{k=0}^{\infty }{\frac {u^{2k+1}}{2k+1}}=u+{\frac {1}{3}}u^{3}+{\frac {1}{5}}u^{5}+{\frac {1}{7}}u^{7}+\ldots }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/706dc7e88fdbf34aa81c6265e59f5483bb4196c6.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.171ex; width:54.157ex; height:7.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \operatorname {artanh} u=\sum _{k=0}^{\infty }{\frac {u^{2k+1}}{2k+1}}=u+{\frac {1}{3}}u^{3}+{\frac {1}{5}}u^{5}+{\frac {1}{7}}u^{7}+\ldots }" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>geringfügig mit wachsendem <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n.}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>n</mi>
<mo>.</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n.}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e59df02a9f67a5da3c220f1244c99a46cc4eb1c6.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.042ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n.}" loading="lazy"></span>
</p><p>Mithilfe des <a href="Areatangens_hyperbolicus_und_Areakotangens_hyperbolicus#Additionstheoreme" title="Areatangens hyperbolicus und Areakotangens hyperbolicus">Additionstheorems</a>
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \operatorname {artanh} u+\operatorname {artanh} v=\operatorname {artanh} {\frac {u+v}{1+uv}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>artanh</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mi>u</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>artanh</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mi>v</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>artanh</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi>u</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>v</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>u</mi>
<mi>v</mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \operatorname {artanh} u+\operatorname {artanh} v=\operatorname {artanh} {\frac {u+v}{1+uv}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/fb326900e024cdc44af31082d3407e8a720b066e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.005ex; width:37.032ex; height:5.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \operatorname {artanh} u+\operatorname {artanh} v=\operatorname {artanh} {\frac {u+v}{1+uv}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>lässt sich  <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \operatorname {artanh} }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>artanh</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \operatorname {artanh} }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/17ac4feb3bc13f90ef6b4a5623a63e9f8e95a1c8.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:6.726ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \operatorname {artanh} }" loading="lazy"></span>  und damit auch  <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \ln }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>ln</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \ln }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c0de5ba4f372ede555d00035e70c50ed0b9625d0.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.939ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \ln }" loading="lazy"></span>  additiv zerlegen.
So ergeben sich beispielsweise die folgenden Identitäten für die natürlichen Logarithmen der ersten Primzahlen.
Dabei werde der Übersichtlichkeit halber das Additionstheorem als <i>Gruppengesetz</i> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \oplus }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo>⊕<!-- ⊕ --></mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \oplus }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/8b16e2bdaefee9eed86d866e6eba3ac47c710f60.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:1.808ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \oplus }" loading="lazy"></span><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle u\oplus v:=\tanh(\operatorname {artanh} u+\operatorname {artanh} v)={\frac {u+v}{1+uv}},}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>u</mi>
<mo>⊕<!-- ⊕ --></mo>
<mi>v</mi>
<mo>:=</mo>
<mi>tanh</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>artanh</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mi>u</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>artanh</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mi>v</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi>u</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>v</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>u</mi>
<mi>v</mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>,</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle u\oplus v:=\tanh(\operatorname {artanh} u+\operatorname {artanh} v)={\frac {u+v}{1+uv}},}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c8803c85388db9e330101c7e99746073b6e15524.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.005ex; width:46.07ex; height:5.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle u\oplus v:=\tanh(\operatorname {artanh} u+\operatorname {artanh} v)={\frac {u+v}{1+uv}},}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>sowie seine <span style="white-space:nowrap"><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>n</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a601995d55609f2d9f5e233e36fbe9ea26011b3b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.395ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n}" loading="lazy"></span>-fache</span> Vervielfältigung als
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n\!\odot \!u:=\underbrace {u\oplus u\oplus \dotsb \oplus u} _{n{\text{-mal}}}=\bigoplus _{\nu =1}^{n}u}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>n</mi>
<mspace width="negativethinmathspace"></mspace>
<mo>⊙<!-- ⊙ --></mo>
<mspace width="negativethinmathspace"></mspace>
<mi>u</mi>
<mo>:=</mo>
<munder>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-OP MJX-fixedlimits">
<munder>
<mrow>
<mi>u</mi>
<mo>⊕<!-- ⊕ --></mo>
<mi>u</mi>
<mo>⊕<!-- ⊕ --></mo>
<mo>⋯<!-- ⋯ --></mo>
<mo>⊕<!-- ⊕ --></mo>
<mi>u</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>⏟<!-- ⏟ --></mo>
</munder>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext>-mal</mtext>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</munder>
<mo>=</mo>
<munderover>
<mo>⨁<!-- ⨁ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>ν<!-- ν --></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</munderover>
<mi>u</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n\!\odot \!u:=\underbrace {u\oplus u\oplus \dotsb \oplus u} _{n{\text{-mal}}}=\bigoplus _{\nu =1}^{n}u}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e14768c7455de6bccb217783923ed6d5cf9155a0.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -4.005ex; width:32.095ex; height:7.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n\!\odot \!u:=\underbrace {u\oplus u\oplus \dotsb \oplus u} _{n{\text{-mal}}}=\bigoplus _{\nu =1}^{n}u}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>formuliert.
</p>
<dl><dd><table>

<tbody><tr>
<td><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \tanh \left({\tfrac {1}{2}}\ln 2\right)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>tanh</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mn>2</mn>
</mfrac>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<mi>ln</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \tanh \left({\tfrac {1}{2}}\ln 2\right)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/3b22175f19ada008642bc5e3b603c10bca24783d.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.171ex; width:12.316ex; height:3.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \tanh \left({\tfrac {1}{2}}\ln 2\right)}" loading="lazy"></span></td>
<td><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle ={\tfrac {1}{3}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mn>3</mn>
</mfrac>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle ={\tfrac {1}{3}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b5a5d09c5f94da3bfd3729fd57383525ad5a3cde.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.338ex; width:4.111ex; height:3.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle ={\tfrac {1}{3}}}" loading="lazy"></span></td>
<td><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle =2\!\odot \!{\tfrac {1}{7}}\;\oplus \;{\tfrac {1}{17}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mspace width="negativethinmathspace"></mspace>
<mo>⊙<!-- ⊙ --></mo>
<mspace width="negativethinmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mn>7</mn>
</mfrac>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<mspace width="thickmathspace"></mspace>
<mo>⊕<!-- ⊕ --></mo>
<mspace width="thickmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mn>17</mn>
</mfrac>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle =2\!\odot \!{\tfrac {1}{7}}\;\oplus \;{\tfrac {1}{17}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/928c1bdf157011ab7e93a3d31ad15ae485d63dae.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.338ex; width:13.951ex; height:3.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle =2\!\odot \!{\tfrac {1}{7}}\;\oplus \;{\tfrac {1}{17}}}" loading="lazy"></span></td>
<td><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle =\;\,7\!\odot \!{\tfrac {1}{19}}\;\ominus \;\;\,2\!\odot \!{\tfrac {1}{49}}\;\oplus \;3\!\odot \!{\tfrac {1}{161}},}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo>=</mo>
<mspace width="thickmathspace"></mspace>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mn>7</mn>
<mspace width="negativethinmathspace"></mspace>
<mo>⊙<!-- ⊙ --></mo>
<mspace width="negativethinmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mn>19</mn>
</mfrac>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<mspace width="thickmathspace"></mspace>
<mo>⊖<!-- ⊖ --></mo>
<mspace width="thickmathspace"></mspace>
<mspace width="thickmathspace"></mspace>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mn>2</mn>
<mspace width="negativethinmathspace"></mspace>
<mo>⊙<!-- ⊙ --></mo>
<mspace width="negativethinmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mn>49</mn>
</mfrac>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<mspace width="thickmathspace"></mspace>
<mo>⊕<!-- ⊕ --></mo>
<mspace width="thickmathspace"></mspace>
<mn>3</mn>
<mspace width="negativethinmathspace"></mspace>
<mo>⊙<!-- ⊙ --></mo>
<mspace width="negativethinmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mn>161</mn>
</mfrac>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<mo>,</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle =\;\,7\!\odot \!{\tfrac {1}{19}}\;\ominus \;\;\,2\!\odot \!{\tfrac {1}{49}}\;\oplus \;3\!\odot \!{\tfrac {1}{161}},}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/61b049aee036f72a169e7d69cb9974faa04baabb.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.338ex; width:31.374ex; height:3.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle =\;\,7\!\odot \!{\tfrac {1}{19}}\;\ominus \;\;\,2\!\odot \!{\tfrac {1}{49}}\;\oplus \;3\!\odot \!{\tfrac {1}{161}},}" loading="lazy"></span>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \tanh \left({\tfrac {1}{2}}\ln 3\right)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>tanh</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mn>2</mn>
</mfrac>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<mi>ln</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \tanh \left({\tfrac {1}{2}}\ln 3\right)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/cbada2840dcbc36e33e519fe4d551d4c7654b1ff.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.171ex; width:12.316ex; height:3.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \tanh \left({\tfrac {1}{2}}\ln 3\right)}" loading="lazy"></span></td>
<td><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle ={\tfrac {1}{2}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mn>2</mn>
</mfrac>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle ={\tfrac {1}{2}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/24f521b3f5f4c740bebc0b96bc6955433641a111.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.171ex; width:4.111ex; height:3.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle ={\tfrac {1}{2}}}" loading="lazy"></span></td>
<td><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle =3\!\odot \!{\tfrac {1}{7}}\;\oplus \;2\!\odot \!{\tfrac {1}{17}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>3</mn>
<mspace width="negativethinmathspace"></mspace>
<mo>⊙<!-- ⊙ --></mo>
<mspace width="negativethinmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mn>7</mn>
</mfrac>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<mspace width="thickmathspace"></mspace>
<mo>⊕<!-- ⊕ --></mo>
<mspace width="thickmathspace"></mspace>
<mn>2</mn>
<mspace width="negativethinmathspace"></mspace>
<mo>⊙<!-- ⊙ --></mo>
<mspace width="negativethinmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mn>17</mn>
</mfrac>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle =3\!\odot \!{\tfrac {1}{7}}\;\oplus \;2\!\odot \!{\tfrac {1}{17}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/8815d322bebb4b98110831caa62e1680dcf7d8a8.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.338ex; width:17.18ex; height:3.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle =3\!\odot \!{\tfrac {1}{7}}\;\oplus \;2\!\odot \!{\tfrac {1}{17}}}" loading="lazy"></span></td>
<td><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle =11\!\odot \!{\tfrac {1}{31}}\;\oplus \;\;\,8\!\odot \!{\tfrac {1}{49}}\;\oplus \;5\!\odot \!{\tfrac {1}{161}},}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>11</mn>
<mspace width="negativethinmathspace"></mspace>
<mo>⊙<!-- ⊙ --></mo>
<mspace width="negativethinmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mn>31</mn>
</mfrac>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<mspace width="thickmathspace"></mspace>
<mo>⊕<!-- ⊕ --></mo>
<mspace width="thickmathspace"></mspace>
<mspace width="thickmathspace"></mspace>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mn>8</mn>
<mspace width="negativethinmathspace"></mspace>
<mo>⊙<!-- ⊙ --></mo>
<mspace width="negativethinmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mn>49</mn>
</mfrac>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<mspace width="thickmathspace"></mspace>
<mo>⊕<!-- ⊕ --></mo>
<mspace width="thickmathspace"></mspace>
<mn>5</mn>
<mspace width="negativethinmathspace"></mspace>
<mo>⊙<!-- ⊙ --></mo>
<mspace width="negativethinmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mn>161</mn>
</mfrac>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<mo>,</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle =11\!\odot \!{\tfrac {1}{31}}\;\oplus \;\;\,8\!\odot \!{\tfrac {1}{49}}\;\oplus \;5\!\odot \!{\tfrac {1}{161}},}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c0db9c18210d423de633644a188b40f941f6c235.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.338ex; width:31.505ex; height:3.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle =11\!\odot \!{\tfrac {1}{31}}\;\oplus \;\;\,8\!\odot \!{\tfrac {1}{49}}\;\oplus \;5\!\odot \!{\tfrac {1}{161}},}" loading="lazy"></span>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \tanh \left({\tfrac {1}{2}}\ln 5\right)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>tanh</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mn>2</mn>
</mfrac>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<mi>ln</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mn>5</mn>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \tanh \left({\tfrac {1}{2}}\ln 5\right)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/cfe93f1158550023b4db54cfd6616f4de307d5fe.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.171ex; width:12.316ex; height:3.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \tanh \left({\tfrac {1}{2}}\ln 5\right)}" loading="lazy"></span></td>
<td><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle ={\tfrac {2}{3}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mfrac>
<mn>2</mn>
<mn>3</mn>
</mfrac>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle ={\tfrac {2}{3}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ba57e02c46dcb6eebf6fbbd4173dc6ceeef82015.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.338ex; width:4.111ex; height:3.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle ={\tfrac {2}{3}}}" loading="lazy"></span></td>
<td><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle =4\!\odot \!{\tfrac {1}{5}}\;\ominus \;{\tfrac {1}{161}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>4</mn>
<mspace width="negativethinmathspace"></mspace>
<mo>⊙<!-- ⊙ --></mo>
<mspace width="negativethinmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mn>5</mn>
</mfrac>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<mspace width="thickmathspace"></mspace>
<mo>⊖<!-- ⊖ --></mo>
<mspace width="thickmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mn>161</mn>
</mfrac>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle =4\!\odot \!{\tfrac {1}{5}}\;\ominus \;{\tfrac {1}{161}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/bbbeae37d51d2f18f340f624cf2f276b8175317c.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.338ex; width:14.773ex; height:3.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle =4\!\odot \!{\tfrac {1}{5}}\;\ominus \;{\tfrac {1}{161}}}" loading="lazy"></span></td>
<td><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle =16\!\odot \!{\tfrac {1}{31}}\;\oplus \;12\!\odot \!{\tfrac {1}{49}}\;\oplus \;7\!\odot \!{\tfrac {1}{161}},}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>16</mn>
<mspace width="negativethinmathspace"></mspace>
<mo>⊙<!-- ⊙ --></mo>
<mspace width="negativethinmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mn>31</mn>
</mfrac>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<mspace width="thickmathspace"></mspace>
<mo>⊕<!-- ⊕ --></mo>
<mspace width="thickmathspace"></mspace>
<mn>12</mn>
<mspace width="negativethinmathspace"></mspace>
<mo>⊙<!-- ⊙ --></mo>
<mspace width="negativethinmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mn>49</mn>
</mfrac>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<mspace width="thickmathspace"></mspace>
<mo>⊕<!-- ⊕ --></mo>
<mspace width="thickmathspace"></mspace>
<mn>7</mn>
<mspace width="negativethinmathspace"></mspace>
<mo>⊙<!-- ⊙ --></mo>
<mspace width="negativethinmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mn>161</mn>
</mfrac>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<mo>,</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle =16\!\odot \!{\tfrac {1}{31}}\;\oplus \;12\!\odot \!{\tfrac {1}{49}}\;\oplus \;7\!\odot \!{\tfrac {1}{161}},}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/feaf430f7972a83f66253ec352bd59c299d23e9e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.338ex; width:31.635ex; height:3.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle =16\!\odot \!{\tfrac {1}{31}}\;\oplus \;12\!\odot \!{\tfrac {1}{49}}\;\oplus \;7\!\odot \!{\tfrac {1}{161}},}" loading="lazy"></span>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \tanh \left({\tfrac {1}{2}}\ln 7\right)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>tanh</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mn>2</mn>
</mfrac>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<mi>ln</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mn>7</mn>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \tanh \left({\tfrac {1}{2}}\ln 7\right)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/23ca7af447ae8c766319dfdb0808e95e99378e08.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.171ex; width:12.316ex; height:3.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \tanh \left({\tfrac {1}{2}}\ln 7\right)}" loading="lazy"></span></td>
<td><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle ={\tfrac {3}{4}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mfrac>
<mn>3</mn>
<mn>4</mn>
</mfrac>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle ={\tfrac {3}{4}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e8469cda27f9a476e8a6180e190face618f3b458.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.171ex; width:4.111ex; height:3.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle ={\tfrac {3}{4}}}" loading="lazy"></span></td>
<td><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle =3\!\odot \!{\tfrac {1}{3}}\;\ominus \;{\tfrac {1}{15}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>3</mn>
<mspace width="negativethinmathspace"></mspace>
<mo>⊙<!-- ⊙ --></mo>
<mspace width="negativethinmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mn>3</mn>
</mfrac>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<mspace width="thickmathspace"></mspace>
<mo>⊖<!-- ⊖ --></mo>
<mspace width="thickmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mn>15</mn>
</mfrac>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle =3\!\odot \!{\tfrac {1}{3}}\;\ominus \;{\tfrac {1}{15}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/1b18e7803e5073d41a52d2784b228ed7301bf67b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.338ex; width:13.951ex; height:3.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle =3\!\odot \!{\tfrac {1}{3}}\;\ominus \;{\tfrac {1}{15}}}" loading="lazy"></span></td>
<td><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle =14\!\odot \!{\tfrac {1}{15}}\;\oplus \;\;\,6\!\odot \!{\tfrac {1}{97}}\;\ominus \;3\!\odot \!{\tfrac {1}{127}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>14</mn>
<mspace width="negativethinmathspace"></mspace>
<mo>⊙<!-- ⊙ --></mo>
<mspace width="negativethinmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mn>15</mn>
</mfrac>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<mspace width="thickmathspace"></mspace>
<mo>⊕<!-- ⊕ --></mo>
<mspace width="thickmathspace"></mspace>
<mspace width="thickmathspace"></mspace>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mn>6</mn>
<mspace width="negativethinmathspace"></mspace>
<mo>⊙<!-- ⊙ --></mo>
<mspace width="negativethinmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mn>97</mn>
</mfrac>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<mspace width="thickmathspace"></mspace>
<mo>⊖<!-- ⊖ --></mo>
<mspace width="thickmathspace"></mspace>
<mn>3</mn>
<mspace width="negativethinmathspace"></mspace>
<mo>⊙<!-- ⊙ --></mo>
<mspace width="negativethinmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mn>127</mn>
</mfrac>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle =14\!\odot \!{\tfrac {1}{15}}\;\oplus \;\;\,6\!\odot \!{\tfrac {1}{97}}\;\ominus \;3\!\odot \!{\tfrac {1}{127}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7aafa3a196d3a1fb82fcb309a1163a74f7414f57.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.338ex; width:30.858ex; height:3.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle =14\!\odot \!{\tfrac {1}{15}}\;\oplus \;\;\,6\!\odot \!{\tfrac {1}{97}}\;\ominus \;3\!\odot \!{\tfrac {1}{127}}}" loading="lazy"></span> &nbsp; &nbsp; sowie
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \tanh \left({\tfrac {1}{2}}\ln 11\right)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>tanh</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mn>2</mn>
</mfrac>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<mi>ln</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mn>11</mn>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \tanh \left({\tfrac {1}{2}}\ln 11\right)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/0b2a08a29f19b71739d31fe55c652c7588e5f605.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.171ex; width:13.479ex; height:3.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \tanh \left({\tfrac {1}{2}}\ln 11\right)}" loading="lazy"></span></td>
<td><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle ={\tfrac {5}{6}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mfrac>
<mn>5</mn>
<mn>6</mn>
</mfrac>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle ={\tfrac {5}{6}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ec4a9d64744ed1f6da141c4a5d71a0456ee6436d.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.338ex; width:4.111ex; height:3.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle ={\tfrac {5}{6}}}" loading="lazy"></span></td>
<td><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle =2\!\odot \!{\tfrac {1}{2}}\;\oplus \;{\tfrac {1}{10}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mspace width="negativethinmathspace"></mspace>
<mo>⊙<!-- ⊙ --></mo>
<mspace width="negativethinmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mn>2</mn>
</mfrac>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<mspace width="thickmathspace"></mspace>
<mo>⊕<!-- ⊕ --></mo>
<mspace width="thickmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mn>10</mn>
</mfrac>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle =2\!\odot \!{\tfrac {1}{2}}\;\oplus \;{\tfrac {1}{10}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/421a94857ffdb9c9b6e1e3103fff1054415c36f4.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.338ex; width:13.951ex; height:3.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle =2\!\odot \!{\tfrac {1}{2}}\;\oplus \;{\tfrac {1}{10}}}" loading="lazy"></span></td>
<td><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle =24\!\odot \!{\tfrac {1}{23}}\;\oplus \;11\!\odot \!{\tfrac {1}{65}}\;\ominus \;7\!\odot \!{\tfrac {1}{485}}.}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>24</mn>
<mspace width="negativethinmathspace"></mspace>
<mo>⊙<!-- ⊙ --></mo>
<mspace width="negativethinmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mn>23</mn>
</mfrac>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<mspace width="thickmathspace"></mspace>
<mo>⊕<!-- ⊕ --></mo>
<mspace width="thickmathspace"></mspace>
<mn>11</mn>
<mspace width="negativethinmathspace"></mspace>
<mo>⊙<!-- ⊙ --></mo>
<mspace width="negativethinmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mn>65</mn>
</mfrac>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<mspace width="thickmathspace"></mspace>
<mo>⊖<!-- ⊖ --></mo>
<mspace width="thickmathspace"></mspace>
<mn>7</mn>
<mspace width="negativethinmathspace"></mspace>
<mo>⊙<!-- ⊙ --></mo>
<mspace width="negativethinmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mn>485</mn>
</mfrac>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<mo>.</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle =24\!\odot \!{\tfrac {1}{23}}\;\oplus \;11\!\odot \!{\tfrac {1}{65}}\;\ominus \;7\!\odot \!{\tfrac {1}{485}}.}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e8f47c1b400a82f39ccf8f3dc7002931d145ca58.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.338ex; width:31.635ex; height:3.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle =24\!\odot \!{\tfrac {1}{23}}\;\oplus \;11\!\odot \!{\tfrac {1}{65}}\;\ominus \;7\!\odot \!{\tfrac {1}{485}}.}" loading="lazy"></span>
</td></tr></tbody></table></dd></dl>
<p>Für die praktische Rechnung sind Zerlegungen bevorzugt, deren Summanden eine Eins im Zähler haben.
Wie beim <a href="Arkustangens_und_Arkuskotangens#Additionstheoreme" title="Arkustangens und Arkuskotangens">Arkustangens</a> bleiben bei der Verdoppelung
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\tfrac {1}{n}}=2\!\odot \!{\tfrac {1}{2n}}\;\oplus \;{\tfrac {1}{4n^{3}-3n}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mi>n</mi>
</mfrac>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mspace width="negativethinmathspace"></mspace>
<mo>⊙<!-- ⊙ --></mo>
<mspace width="negativethinmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mrow>
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<mspace width="thickmathspace"></mspace>
<mo>⊕<!-- ⊕ --></mo>
<mspace width="thickmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mrow>
<mn>4</mn>
<msup>
<mi>n</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>3</mn>
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\tfrac {1}{n}}=2\!\odot \!{\tfrac {1}{2n}}\;\oplus \;{\tfrac {1}{4n^{3}-3n}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/1625197d33bcf2d41c3745c3efc0715563820570.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.671ex; width:21.487ex; height:4.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\tfrac {1}{n}}=2\!\odot \!{\tfrac {1}{2n}}\;\oplus \;{\tfrac {1}{4n^{3}-3n}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>die Einsen im Zähler erhalten.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Grenzwerte_nach_Hurwitz">Grenzwerte nach Hurwitz</h3></div>
<p>Für den natürlichen Logarithmus gelten die Grenzwerte
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \ln x=\lim _{n\to \infty }n\left({\sqrt[{n}]{x}}-1\right)=\lim _{n\to \infty }n\left(1-{\frac {1}{\sqrt[{n}]{x}}}\right)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>ln</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<munder>
<mo movablelimits="true" form="prefix">lim</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∞<!-- ∞ --></mi>
</mrow>
</munder>
<mi>n</mi>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mroot>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</mroot>
</mrow>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<munder>
<mo movablelimits="true" form="prefix">lim</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∞<!-- ∞ --></mi>
</mrow>
</munder>
<mi>n</mi>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mroot>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</mroot>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \ln x=\lim _{n\to \infty }n\left({\sqrt[{n}]{x}}-1\right)=\lim _{n\to \infty }n\left(1-{\frac {1}{\sqrt[{n}]{x}}}\right)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f7901ca277e9fe1a5be535f262d7d4a84fc51a3f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.838ex; width:43.339ex; height:6.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \ln x=\lim _{n\to \infty }n\left({\sqrt[{n}]{x}}-1\right)=\lim _{n\to \infty }n\left(1-{\frac {1}{\sqrt[{n}]{x}}}\right)}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>sowie gleichbedeutend damit
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \ln x=\lim _{h\to 0}{\frac {x^{h}-1}{h}}=\lim _{h\to 0}\int _{1}^{x}{\frac {1}{t^{1-h}}}\,\mathrm {d} t}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>ln</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<munder>
<mo movablelimits="true" form="prefix">lim</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>h</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</munder>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>h</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
<mi>h</mi>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<munder>
<mo movablelimits="true" form="prefix">lim</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>h</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</munder>
<msubsup>
<mo>∫<!-- ∫ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>x</mi>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<msup>
<mi>t</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>h</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>t</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \ln x=\lim _{h\to 0}{\frac {x^{h}-1}{h}}=\lim _{h\to 0}\int _{1}^{x}{\frac {1}{t^{1-h}}}\,\mathrm {d} t}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/9ad0c8c0f9ac85229d341cae1be5215a0bc4bb25.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:36.297ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \ln x=\lim _{h\to 0}{\frac {x^{h}-1}{h}}=\lim _{h\to 0}\int _{1}^{x}{\frac {1}{t^{1-h}}}\,\mathrm {d} t}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>die man leicht mit der <a href="Regel_von_de_L%E2%80%99Hospital" title="Regel von de L’Hospital">Regel von de L’Hospital</a> bestätigt.
</p><p>Hierauf basieren die von <a href="Adolf_Hurwitz" title="Adolf Hurwitz">Adolf Hurwitz</a> für den natürlichen Logarithmus angegebenen Grenzwerte der Folgen <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle a_{n}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle a_{n}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/790f9209748c2dca7ed7b81932c37c02af1dbc31.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.448ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle a_{n}}" loading="lazy"></span> bzw. <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle b_{n}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>b</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle b_{n}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/28e2d72f6dd9375c8f1f59f1effd9b4e5492ac97.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.216ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle b_{n}}" loading="lazy"></span>, die über
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}a_{n}&amp;=2^{n}(x_{n}-1)\\b_{n}&amp;=2^{n}\left(1-{\frac {1}{x_{n}}}\right),\end{aligned}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtable columnalign="right left right left right left right left right left right left" rowspacing="3pt" columnspacing="0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em" displaystyle="true">
<mtr>
<mtd>
<msub>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mi></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<msup>
<mn>2</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<msub>
<mi>b</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mi></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<msup>
<mn>2</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>,</mo>
</mtd>
</mtr>
</mtable>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}a_{n}&amp;=2^{n}(x_{n}-1)\\b_{n}&amp;=2^{n}\left(1-{\frac {1}{x_{n}}}\right),\end{aligned}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b71df03ce2e84113f13e46c68a1c27632242df67.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -4.005ex; width:20.908ex; height:9.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}a_{n}&amp;=2^{n}(x_{n}-1)\\b_{n}&amp;=2^{n}\left(1-{\frac {1}{x_{n}}}\right),\end{aligned}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>wobei
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x_{n+1}={\sqrt {x_{n}}}\quad {\text{mit}}\quad x_{0}=x}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msqrt>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</msqrt>
</mrow>
<mspace width="1em"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext>mit</mtext>
</mrow>
<mspace width="1em"></mspace>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x_{n+1}={\sqrt {x_{n}}}\quad {\text{mit}}\quad x_{0}=x}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/af9e8fc823ae12449059996976ab464a642da429.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.171ex; width:27.176ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x_{n+1}={\sqrt {x_{n}}}\quad {\text{mit}}\quad x_{0}=x}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>definiert sind. Wegen <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 1-{\tfrac {1}{x}}\leq b_{n}\leq a_{n}<x-1}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mi>x</mi>
</mfrac>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<mo>≤<!-- ≤ --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>b</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>≤<!-- ≤ --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>&lt;</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 1-{\tfrac {1}{x}}\leq b_{n}\leq a_{n}&lt;x-1}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/588efdbdda8bd19e01717d23c3d13d0be6b14ad1.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:25.071ex; height:3.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 1-{\tfrac {1}{x}}\leq b_{n}\leq a_{n}<x-1}" loading="lazy"></span> und weil <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle a_{n}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle a_{n}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/790f9209748c2dca7ed7b81932c37c02af1dbc31.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.448ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle a_{n}}" loading="lazy"></span> monoton fallend und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle b_{n}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>b</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle b_{n}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/28e2d72f6dd9375c8f1f59f1effd9b4e5492ac97.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.216ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle b_{n}}" loading="lazy"></span> monoton wachsend ist, folgt die Konvergenz dieser beiden Folgen. Aufgrund von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle a_{n}=b_{n}x_{n}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mi>b</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle a_{n}=b_{n}x_{n}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/8c5d92da506843752d9f3e155ec1e7b78da71d52.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:10.311ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle a_{n}=b_{n}x_{n}}" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x_{n}\rightarrow 1}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x_{n}\rightarrow 1}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/571a6c9bcc36648007a143437bee1d20971e06d6.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:7.325ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x_{n}\rightarrow 1}" loading="lazy"></span> ergibt sich die Gleichheit der beiden Grenzwerte:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \lim _{n\to \infty }a_{n}=\lim _{n\to \infty }b_{n}=\ln x.}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<munder>
<mo movablelimits="true" form="prefix">lim</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∞<!-- ∞ --></mi>
</mrow>
</munder>
<msub>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<munder>
<mo movablelimits="true" form="prefix">lim</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∞<!-- ∞ --></mi>
</mrow>
</munder>
<msub>
<mi>b</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>ln</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>.</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \lim _{n\to \infty }a_{n}=\lim _{n\to \infty }b_{n}=\ln x.}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f791e1e3f51990d6500813069132b7460d5cab9d.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:24.483ex; height:3.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \lim _{n\to \infty }a_{n}=\lim _{n\to \infty }b_{n}=\ln x.}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Für eine praktische Berechnung von ln <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>x</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/87f9e315fd7e2ba406057a97300593c4802b53e4.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.33ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x}" loading="lazy"></span> sind diese Grenzwerte wegen der auftretenden <a href="Ausl%C3%B6schung_(numerische_Mathematik)" title="Auslöschung (numerische Mathematik)">Auslöschung</a> jedoch nicht gut geeignet.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Berechnung_einzelner_Ziffern">Berechnung einzelner Ziffern</h3></div>
<p>Eine weitere Möglichkeit zur Berechnung des Logarithmus besteht darin, nacheinander die Ziffern des Logarithmus einer gewählten Basis zu bestimmen. Die aufwändigste Operation in diesem Verfahren ist ein schrittweises Potenzieren von Zwischenwerten mit der gewählten Basis als Exponent. Notwendige Divisionen durch Potenzen der Basis lassen sich durch Schiebeopertionen mit wenig Aufwand realisieren<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>.
</p><p>Wählt man 2 als Basis, kann dieses Verfahren sehr effizient per Software auch auf kleinen eingebetteten Systemen realisiert werden, auch in <a href="Festkommazahl" title="Festkommazahl">Festkomma-Arithmetik</a><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Weiterhin ist es dann sehr gut für die Umsetzung in Hardware geeignet, z.&nbsp;B. in <a href="Field_Programmable_Gate_Array" title="Field Programmable Gate Array">FPGA</a>-Anwendungen.
</p><p>Zunächst wird die Zahl <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>x</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/87f9e315fd7e2ba406057a97300593c4802b53e4.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.33ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x}" loading="lazy"></span>, deren Zweierlogarithmus im <a href="Dualsystem" title="Dualsystem">Dualsystem</a> bestimmt werden soll, durch Schieben auf einen Wert zwischen 1 und 2 normiert. Ist die Zahl <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x\geq 2}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>≥<!-- ≥ --></mo>
<mn>2</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x\geq 2}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/6e5e4cf59b5136062d043f79c2bf0c6af0443c1a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:5.591ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x\geq 2}" loading="lazy"></span>, muss sie dafür nach rechts geschoben werden und die Anzahl der Schiebeschritte wird positiv gezählt. Ist die Zahl <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x<1}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>&lt;</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x&lt;1}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/3f6c78a35f9b16dabbc40b39d4d1f2571ea5d3db.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:5.591ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x<1}" loading="lazy"></span>, muss sie hingegen nach links geschoben werden und die Anzahl der Schiebeschritte wird negativ gezählt.
</p><p>Danach wird, wie weiter unten beschrieben, der Zweierlogarithmus <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle b}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>b</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle b}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f11423fbb2e967f986e36804a8ae4271734917c3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:0.998ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle b}" loading="lazy"></span> des normierten Werts <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>x</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/87f9e315fd7e2ba406057a97300593c4802b53e4.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.33ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x}" loading="lazy"></span> bestimmt. Der Logarithmus der ursprünglichen Zahl <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>x</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/87f9e315fd7e2ba406057a97300593c4802b53e4.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.33ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x}" loading="lazy"></span> ergibt sich dann als Summe aus der Anzahl der Schiebeschritte und dem Logarithmus <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle b}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>b</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle b}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f11423fbb2e967f986e36804a8ae4271734917c3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:0.998ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle b}" loading="lazy"></span> des normierten Werts.
</p><p>Der Logarithmus von dem normierten Wert <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>x</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/87f9e315fd7e2ba406057a97300593c4802b53e4.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.33ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x}" loading="lazy"></span> hat die Darstellung
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\log _{2}(x)&amp;=b=0,b_{1}b_{2}b_{3}\cdots =\sum _{k>0}b_{k}2^{-k}{\text{ mit }}b_{k}\in \{0,1\}\\\log _{2}(x^{2})&amp;=b_{1},b_{2}b_{3}\cdots \qquad {\text{ wegen }}\quad \log(x^{2})=2\log x.\end{aligned}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtable columnalign="right left right left right left right left right left right left" rowspacing="3pt" columnspacing="0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em" displaystyle="true">
<mtr>
<mtd>
<msub>
<mi>log</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mi></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>b</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>b</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msub>
<mi>b</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msub>
<mi>b</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>⋯<!-- ⋯ --></mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<munder>
<mo>∑<!-- ∑ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>k</mi>
<mo>&gt;</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</munder>
<msub>
<mi>b</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>k</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msup>
<mn>2</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>k</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext>&nbsp;mit&nbsp;</mtext>
</mrow>
<msub>
<mi>b</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>k</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">{</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">}</mo>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<msub>
<mi>log</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msup>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mi></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mi>b</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>b</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msub>
<mi>b</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>⋯<!-- ⋯ --></mo>
<mspace width="2em"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext>&nbsp;wegen&nbsp;</mtext>
</mrow>
<mspace width="1em"></mspace>
<mi>log</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msup>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>log</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>.</mo>
</mtd>
</mtr>
</mtable>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\log _{2}(x)&amp;=b=0,b_{1}b_{2}b_{3}\cdots =\sum _{k&gt;0}b_{k}2^{-k}{\text{ mit }}b_{k}\in \{0,1\}\\\log _{2}(x^{2})&amp;=b_{1},b_{2}b_{3}\cdots \qquad {\text{ wegen }}\quad \log(x^{2})=2\log x.\end{aligned}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/049b231bc052be811449e9774f7ff74510bd2ecf.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.838ex; width:55.343ex; height:8.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\log _{2}(x)&amp;=b=0,b_{1}b_{2}b_{3}\cdots =\sum _{k>0}b_{k}2^{-k}{\text{ mit }}b_{k}\in \{0,1\}\\\log _{2}(x^{2})&amp;=b_{1},b_{2}b_{3}\cdots \qquad {\text{ wegen }}\quad \log(x^{2})=2\log x.\end{aligned}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Quadrieren von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>x</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/87f9e315fd7e2ba406057a97300593c4802b53e4.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.33ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x}" loading="lazy"></span> schiebt den Logarithmus <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle b}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>b</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle b}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f11423fbb2e967f986e36804a8ae4271734917c3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:0.998ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle b}" loading="lazy"></span> also um eine Binärstelle nach links, wodurch die Vorkommastelle möglicherweise Eins wird. Dies ist dann der Fall, wenn <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x^{2}\geq 2}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>≥<!-- ≥ --></mo>
<mn>2</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x^{2}\geq 2}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/51474594487baeffcfa77f0f4086e8e864f94900.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:6.645ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x^{2}\geq 2}" loading="lazy"></span> ist. In diesem Falle wird <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>x</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/87f9e315fd7e2ba406057a97300593c4802b53e4.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.33ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x}" loading="lazy"></span> durch Division durch 2 wieder normiert, was keinen Einfluss auf die verbleibenden Nachkommastellen hat. Damit ergibt sich die folgende Skizze des Verfahrens:
</p>
<pre>INPUT 1 ≤ x &lt; 2
OUTPUT Nachkommastellen b<sub>i</sub> der Binärdarstellung von log<sub>2</sub>(x)
</pre>
<pre>i ← 0
LOOP
i ← i + 1
x ← x<sup>2</sup>
IF x ≥ 2 THEN
x ← x / 2
b<sub>i</sub> ← 1
ELSE
b<sub>i</sub> ← 0
END IF
END LOOP
</pre>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Analogrechner">Analogrechner</h3></div>

<p>Zur Berechnung des Logarithmus mithilfe eines <a href="Analogrechner" title="Analogrechner">Analogrechners</a> – also etwa der Erzeugung einer elektrischen <a href="Elektrische_Spannung" title="Elektrische Spannung">Ausgangsspannung</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle U_{\text{a}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>U</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext>a</mtext>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle U_{\text{a}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/473c4c041c2b42e081cbe453e19d0fde01dedef7.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.642ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle U_{\text{a}}}" loading="lazy"></span>, die den Logarithmus des Nennwerts der Eingangsspannung <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle U_{\text{e}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>U</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext>e</mtext>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle U_{\text{e}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c4b1608e5ac74fb6ba1698718e3e1501138ebf51.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.55ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle U_{\text{e}}}" loading="lazy"></span> annimmt – kann man sich den exponentiellen Verlauf der <a href="Strom-Spannungs-Kennlinie" title="Strom-Spannungs-Kennlinie">Strom-Spannungs-Kennlinie</a> einer <a href="Diode" title="Diode">Diode</a> zunutze machen. Die nebenstehende Skizze zeigt den prinzipiellen Aufbau eines Logarithmierers mit einem <a href="Operationsverst%C3%A4rker" title="Operationsverstärker">Operationsverstärker</a>, einer Diode <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle D}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>D</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle D}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f34a0c600395e5d4345287e21fb26efd386990e6.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.924ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle D}" loading="lazy"></span> und einem <a href="Widerstand_(Bauelement)" title="Widerstand (Bauelement)">Widerstand</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle R}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>R</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle R}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4b0bfb3769bf24d80e15374dc37b0441e2616e33.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.764ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle R}" loading="lazy"></span>.
</p>
<div style="clear:both;"></div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Komplexer_Logarithmus">Komplexer Logarithmus <span id="Komplexer_Log"></span></h2></div>


<p>Analog zur reellen Definition heißt jede komplexe Zahl <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle w}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>w</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle w}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/88b1e0c8e1be5ebe69d18a8010676fa42d7961e6.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.664ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle w}" loading="lazy"></span>, welche die Gleichung
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {e} ^{w}=z}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>w</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>z</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {e} ^{w}=z}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/faa512b308724a895fcba46cd336be46349c6093.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:6.628ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {e} ^{w}=z}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>erfüllt, ein <i>natürlicher Logarithmus</i> von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle z}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>z</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle z}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/bf368e72c009decd9b6686ee84a375632e11de98.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.088ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle z}" loading="lazy"></span>. Für jedes <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle z\in \mathbb {C} \setminus \{0\}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>z</mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">C</mi>
</mrow>
<mo class="MJX-variant">∖<!-- ∖ --></mo>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">{</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">}</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle z\in \mathbb {C} \setminus \{0\}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/37a6cfed1fe3cc959d035fdec992914b3172edd6.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:11.289ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle z\in \mathbb {C} \setminus \{0\}}" loading="lazy"></span> existiert ein solches <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle w}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>w</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle w}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/88b1e0c8e1be5ebe69d18a8010676fa42d7961e6.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.664ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle w}" loading="lazy"></span>, das jedoch im Unterschied zum reellen Logarithmus wegen
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {e} ^{2k\pi \mathrm {i} }=1,\quad k\in \mathbb {Z} }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>k</mi>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">i</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mspace width="1em"></mspace>
<mi>k</mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">Z</mi>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {e} ^{2k\pi \mathrm {i} }=1,\quad k\in \mathbb {Z} }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d6054ae473b8fc415b08fa361e5f286f9c31aa71.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:17.562ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {e} ^{2k\pi \mathrm {i} }=1,\quad k\in \mathbb {Z} }" loading="lazy"></span>,</dd></dl>
<p>nicht eindeutig bestimmt ist. Hat man also einen Logarithmus <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle w}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>w</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle w}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/88b1e0c8e1be5ebe69d18a8010676fa42d7961e6.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.664ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle w}" loading="lazy"></span> von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle z}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>z</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle z}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/bf368e72c009decd9b6686ee84a375632e11de98.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.088ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle z}" loading="lazy"></span> gefunden, so ist damit auch
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle w'=\,\!w+2k\pi \mathrm {i} }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>w</mi>
<mo>′</mo>
</msup>
<mo>=</mo>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mspace width="negativethinmathspace"></mspace>
<mi>w</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>k</mi>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">i</mi>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle w'=\,\!w+2k\pi \mathrm {i} }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ac12b99b177ac13d9b3e911d677416a3e55a4e56.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:14.304ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle w'=\,\!w+2k\pi \mathrm {i} }" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>mit jeder ganzen Zahl <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle k}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>k</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle k}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c3c9a2c7b599b37105512c5d570edc034056dd40.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.211ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle k}" loading="lazy"></span> ein Logarithmus von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle z}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>z</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle z}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/bf368e72c009decd9b6686ee84a375632e11de98.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.088ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle z}" loading="lazy"></span>, denn es gilt
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {e} ^{w'}=\mathrm {e} ^{w+2k\pi \mathrm {i} }=\mathrm {e} ^{w}\cdot \mathrm {e} ^{2k\pi \mathrm {i} }=\mathrm {e} ^{w}\cdot 1=\mathrm {e} ^{w}=z}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msup>
<mi>w</mi>
<mo>′</mo>
</msup>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>=</mo>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>w</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>k</mi>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">i</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>=</mo>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>w</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>k</mi>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">i</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>=</mo>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>w</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>=</mo>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>w</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>z</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {e} ^{w'}=\mathrm {e} ^{w+2k\pi \mathrm {i} }=\mathrm {e} ^{w}\cdot \mathrm {e} ^{2k\pi \mathrm {i} }=\mathrm {e} ^{w}\cdot 1=\mathrm {e} ^{w}=z}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/8b79bf1d4ea5e69b06778e5e27371edd1e4a99a4.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:42.538ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {e} ^{w'}=\mathrm {e} ^{w+2k\pi \mathrm {i} }=\mathrm {e} ^{w}\cdot \mathrm {e} ^{2k\pi \mathrm {i} }=\mathrm {e} ^{w}\cdot 1=\mathrm {e} ^{w}=z}" loading="lazy"></span>.</dd></dl>
<p>Um Eindeutigkeit zu erreichen, wählt man aus den möglichen Werten für <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle w}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>w</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle w}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/88b1e0c8e1be5ebe69d18a8010676fa42d7961e6.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.664ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle w}" loading="lazy"></span> solche Werte aus, die in einem geeigneten Streifen der komplexen Zahlenebene liegen. Man kann z.&nbsp;B. den Streifen
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \left\{w\in \mathbb {C} :-\pi <\operatorname {Im} \,w\leq \pi \right\}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow>
<mo>{</mo>
<mrow>
<mi>w</mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">C</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>:</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<mo>&lt;</mo>
<mi>Im</mi>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mi>w</mi>
<mo>≤<!-- ≤ --></mo>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
</mrow>
<mo>}</mo>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \left\{w\in \mathbb {C} :-\pi &lt;\operatorname {Im} \,w\leq \pi \right\}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/04d7f0a8e7c5e0fd3721b28be139bc0f5706e4ef.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:26.328ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \left\{w\in \mathbb {C} :-\pi <\operatorname {Im} \,w\leq \pi \right\}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>verwenden. Ein Wert <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle w}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>w</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle w}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/88b1e0c8e1be5ebe69d18a8010676fa42d7961e6.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.664ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle w}" loading="lazy"></span> aus diesem Streifen heißt <i>Hauptwert</i> (<span style="font-style:normal;font-weight:normal"><a href="Englische_Sprache" title="Englische Sprache">englisch</a></span> <span lang="en-Latn" style="font-style:italic">principal value</span>) des Logarithmus, und man schreibt <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle w=\ln z}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>w</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>ln</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mi>z</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle w=\ln z}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c0c209ede313c304a8d0d0404d88123fca98f383.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:8.177ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle w=\ln z}" loading="lazy"></span>.
Stellt man <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle z=|z|\cdot \mathrm {e} ^{\mathrm {i} \arg z}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>z</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mi>z</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">i</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>arg</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mi>z</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle z=|z|\cdot \mathrm {e} ^{\mathrm {i} \arg z}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/eee1c2fc82bea95905c659c54464ef92205d0da0.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:13.802ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle z=|z|\cdot \mathrm {e} ^{\mathrm {i} \arg z}}" loading="lazy"></span> in <a href="Komplexe_Zahl#Darstellung_von_komplexen_Zahlen_in_der_komplexen_Zahlenebene" title="Komplexe Zahl">Polarform</a> dar, so erhält man eine einfache Darstellung des <i>k-ten Zweiges</i> der Logarithmusfunktion:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle w=\ln |z|+\mathrm {i} \left(\arg z+2k\pi \right),\quad k\in \mathbb {Z} }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>w</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>ln</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mi>z</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>+</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">i</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<mi>arg</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mi>z</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>k</mi>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>,</mo>
<mspace width="1em"></mspace>
<mi>k</mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">Z</mi>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle w=\ln |z|+\mathrm {i} \left(\arg z+2k\pi \right),\quad k\in \mathbb {Z} }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/087081cc7c65f3c1ee96ddf7a8213a36da32eceb.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:35.758ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle w=\ln |z|+\mathrm {i} \left(\arg z+2k\pi \right),\quad k\in \mathbb {Z} }" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>mit der <a href="Komplexe_Zahl#Darstellung_von_komplexen_Zahlen_in_der_komplexen_Zahlenebene" title="Komplexe Zahl"><i>Argument</i>-Funktion</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \arg }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>arg</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \arg }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ec03a9c123925f400a40064ca491d268f9312956.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:3.237ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \arg }" loading="lazy"></span>. Im Summanden <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \ln |z|}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>ln</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mi>z</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \ln |z|}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a32986699652205e67b8e5c72e8ad6a40701cc16.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:4.708ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \ln |z|}" loading="lazy"></span> wird der bereits oben definierte reelle Logarithmus <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \ln }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>ln</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \ln }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c0de5ba4f372ede555d00035e70c50ed0b9625d0.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.939ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \ln }" loading="lazy"></span> verwendet.
Für <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle k=0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>k</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle k=0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/6307c8a99dad7d0bcb712352ae0a748bd99a038b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:5.472ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle k=0}" loading="lazy"></span> erhält man den <i>Hauptzweig</i> des komplexen Logarithmus zurück:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \ln z=\ln |z|+\mathrm {i} \arg z}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>ln</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mi>z</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>ln</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mi>z</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>+</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">i</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>arg</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mi>z</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \ln z=\ln |z|+\mathrm {i} \arg z}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ce34a2e32dedde33dcd835ad185ab1d086388899.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:19.807ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \ln z=\ln |z|+\mathrm {i} \arg z}" loading="lazy"></span> .</dd></dl>
<p><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \ln }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>ln</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \ln }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c0de5ba4f372ede555d00035e70c50ed0b9625d0.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.939ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \ln }" loading="lazy"></span> ist nicht stetig auf <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbb {C} \setminus \{0\}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">C</mi>
</mrow>
<mo class="MJX-variant">∖<!-- ∖ --></mo>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">{</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">}</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbb {C} \setminus \{0\}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/91caa89c0163b2f76279b22233ea55460f82a63b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:7.36ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbb {C} \setminus \{0\}}" loading="lazy"></span>. Entfernt man jedoch die negative reelle Achse, so ist <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \ln }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>ln</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \ln }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c0de5ba4f372ede555d00035e70c50ed0b9625d0.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.939ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \ln }" loading="lazy"></span> auf dem Gebiet
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbb {C} \setminus \{x\in \mathbb {R} :x\leq 0\}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">C</mi>
</mrow>
<mo class="MJX-variant">∖<!-- ∖ --></mo>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">{</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">R</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>:</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>≤<!-- ≤ --></mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">}</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbb {C} \setminus \{x\in \mathbb {R} :x\leq 0\}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f6cccb1c76f3aa5805bb75da8ae1a3e7989847d4.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:19.574ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbb {C} \setminus \{x\in \mathbb {R} :x\leq 0\}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>stetig und sogar <a href="Holomorphe_Funktion" title="Holomorphe Funktion">holomorph</a>.
</p>
<dl><dt>Zur Beachtung</dt></dl>
<p>Für den Hauptzweig des komplexen Logarithmus <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \ln }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>ln</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \ln }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c0de5ba4f372ede555d00035e70c50ed0b9625d0.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.939ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \ln }" loading="lazy"></span> gelten nicht alle der weiter oben angeführten <a href="#Logarithmengesetze">Rechenregeln für die reelle Logarithmusfunktion</a>. Sie gelten nur <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\text{mod }}2\pi \mathrm {i} }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext>mod&nbsp;</mtext>
</mrow>
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">i</mi>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\text{mod }}2\pi \mathrm {i} }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/119a6e3678897bbe5fb4d7e613ffc49bbdf77172.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:8.113ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\text{mod }}2\pi \mathrm {i} }" loading="lazy"></span>.
Diese Mehrdeutigkeit ist eine direkte Folge aus der Periodizität seiner Umkehrfunktion, der komplexen Exponentialfunktion.
Der Vergleich von
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \ln(-1+\mathrm {i} )+\ln(-1+\mathrm {i} )={\bigl (}\ln {\sqrt {2}}+{\frac {3\pi }{4}}\mathrm {i} {\bigr )}+{\bigl (}\ln {\sqrt {2}}+{\frac {3\pi }{4}}\mathrm {i} {\bigr )}=\ln 2+{\frac {3\pi }{2}}\mathrm {i} }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>ln</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>+</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">i</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>ln</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>+</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">i</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-OPEN">
<mo maxsize="1.2em" minsize="1.2em">(</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mi>ln</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msqrt>
<mn>2</mn>
</msqrt>
</mrow>
<mo>+</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mn>3</mn>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
</mrow>
<mn>4</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">i</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-CLOSE">
<mo maxsize="1.2em" minsize="1.2em">)</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>+</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-OPEN">
<mo maxsize="1.2em" minsize="1.2em">(</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mi>ln</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msqrt>
<mn>2</mn>
</msqrt>
</mrow>
<mo>+</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mn>3</mn>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
</mrow>
<mn>4</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">i</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-CLOSE">
<mo maxsize="1.2em" minsize="1.2em">)</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>ln</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mo>+</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mn>3</mn>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
</mrow>
<mn>2</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">i</mi>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \ln(-1+\mathrm {i} )+\ln(-1+\mathrm {i} )={\bigl (}\ln {\sqrt {2}}+{\frac {3\pi }{4}}\mathrm {i} {\bigr )}+{\bigl (}\ln {\sqrt {2}}+{\frac {3\pi }{4}}\mathrm {i} {\bigr )}=\ln 2+{\frac {3\pi }{2}}\mathrm {i} }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/37460d6ae1b7691ff08eaf6516a8716e23a6b29d.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:72.117ex; height:5.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \ln(-1+\mathrm {i} )+\ln(-1+\mathrm {i} )={\bigl (}\ln {\sqrt {2}}+{\frac {3\pi }{4}}\mathrm {i} {\bigr )}+{\bigl (}\ln {\sqrt {2}}+{\frac {3\pi }{4}}\mathrm {i} {\bigr )}=\ln 2+{\frac {3\pi }{2}}\mathrm {i} }" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>mit
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \ln {\bigl (}(-1+\mathrm {i} )(-1+\mathrm {i} ){\bigr )}=\ln(-2\mathrm {i} )=\ln 2-{\frac {\pi }{2}}\mathrm {i} }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>ln</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-OPEN">
<mo maxsize="1.2em" minsize="1.2em">(</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>+</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">i</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>+</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">i</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-CLOSE">
<mo maxsize="1.2em" minsize="1.2em">)</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>ln</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">i</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>ln</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<mn>2</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">i</mi>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \ln {\bigl (}(-1+\mathrm {i} )(-1+\mathrm {i} ){\bigr )}=\ln(-2\mathrm {i} )=\ln 2-{\frac {\pi }{2}}\mathrm {i} }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a605735211150df7855a4a2d7af43f5117634525.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:43.698ex; height:4.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \ln {\bigl (}(-1+\mathrm {i} )(-1+\mathrm {i} ){\bigr )}=\ln(-2\mathrm {i} )=\ln 2-{\frac {\pi }{2}}\mathrm {i} }" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>zeigt, dass
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \ln x+\ln y=\ln(x\cdot y)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>ln</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>ln</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mi>y</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>ln</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi>y</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \ln x+\ln y=\ln(x\cdot y)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a01dea45039fa8526c49edbd985b56c359c4a31d.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:20.99ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \ln x+\ln y=\ln(x\cdot y)}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>nicht für alle von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mn>0</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/2aae8864a3c1fec9585261791a809ddec1489950.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.162ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 0}" loading="lazy"></span> verschiedenen komplexen Zahlen <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>x</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/87f9e315fd7e2ba406057a97300593c4802b53e4.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.33ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x}" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle y}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>y</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle y}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b8a6208ec717213d4317e666f1ae872e00620a0d.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.155ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle y}" loading="lazy"></span> richtig ist. Auch die Gleichung
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle y\cdot \ln x=\ln {x^{y}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>y</mi>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi>ln</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>ln</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msup>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>y</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle y\cdot \ln x=\ln {x^{y}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/8228ca0b5e4b46d912d4d4c19ee8fa49b26c2f64.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:14.295ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle y\cdot \ln x=\ln {x^{y}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>ist nicht immer erfüllt, wie das Gegenbeispiel
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 2\pi \mathrm {i} \ln \mathrm {e} =2\pi \mathrm {i} \;\neq \;0=\ln 1=\ln(\mathrm {e} ^{2\pi \mathrm {i} })}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">i</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>ln</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">i</mi>
</mrow>
<mspace width="thickmathspace"></mspace>
<mo>≠<!-- ≠ --></mo>
<mspace width="thickmathspace"></mspace>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>ln</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>ln</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">i</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 2\pi \mathrm {i} \ln \mathrm {e} =2\pi \mathrm {i} \;\neq \;0=\ln 1=\ln(\mathrm {e} ^{2\pi \mathrm {i} })}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/55bb1634644d3de6c2d088a158387eb46609a5e3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:35.599ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 2\pi \mathrm {i} \ln \mathrm {e} =2\pi \mathrm {i} \;\neq \;0=\ln 1=\ln(\mathrm {e} ^{2\pi \mathrm {i} })}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>beweist.
</p>
<ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional" style="max-width: 669px;">
<li class="gallerycaption">Grafische Darstellung des komplexen Logarithmus</li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext">Betrag von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \ln z}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>ln</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mi>z</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \ln z}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/04a1668203dbe173e0ff29584427a18097ea1235.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:3.415ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \ln z}" loading="lazy"></span></div>
</li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext">Realteil von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \ln z}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>ln</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mi>z</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \ln z}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/04a1668203dbe173e0ff29584427a18097ea1235.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:3.415ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \ln z}" loading="lazy"></span></div>
</li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext">Imaginärteil von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \ln z}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>ln</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mi>z</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \ln z}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/04a1668203dbe173e0ff29584427a18097ea1235.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:3.415ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \ln z}" loading="lazy"></span></div>
</li>
</ul>
<p>Mit dem oben definierten Hauptzweig des komplexen Logarithmus kann man den Logarithmus für negative reellen Zahlen erklären:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \ln(-x)=\ln \left\vert -x\right\vert +\mathrm {i} \arg(-x)=\ln x+\mathrm {i} \pi ,\quad x\in \mathbb {R} ^{+}\ .}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>ln</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>ln</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mrow>
<mo>|</mo>
<mrow>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>x</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>|</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>+</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">i</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>arg</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>ln</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">i</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mspace width="1em"></mspace>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">R</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>+</mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mtext>&nbsp;</mtext>
<mo>.</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \ln(-x)=\ln \left\vert -x\right\vert +\mathrm {i} \arg(-x)=\ln x+\mathrm {i} \pi ,\quad x\in \mathbb {R} ^{+}\ .}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/9945573c0c1af183827daebdee6eaf2dc794a90d.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:51.931ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \ln(-x)=\ln \left\vert -x\right\vert +\mathrm {i} \arg(-x)=\ln x+\mathrm {i} \pi ,\quad x\in \mathbb {R} ^{+}\ .}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Das setzt voraus, dass die <a href="Komplexe_Zahl#Darstellung_von_komplexen_Zahlen_in_der_komplexen_Zahlenebene" title="Komplexe Zahl"><i>Argument</i>-Funktion</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \arg }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>arg</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \arg }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ec03a9c123925f400a40064ca491d268f9312956.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:3.237ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \arg }" loading="lazy"></span> negativen reellen Zahlen den Wert <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \pi }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \pi }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/9be4ba0bb8df3af72e90a0535fabcc17431e540a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.332ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \pi }" loading="lazy"></span> zuweist.
</p><p>Diese Betrachtungen zeigen, dass die Mehrdeutigkeit des komplexen Logarithmus letztlich auf die Mehrdeutigkeit der <a href="Komplexe_Zahl#Darstellung_von_komplexen_Zahlen_in_der_komplexen_Zahlenebene" title="Komplexe Zahl"><i>Argument</i>-Funktion</a> zurückzuführen ist.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Diskrete_Logarithmen">Diskrete Logarithmen</h2></div>
<div class="hauptartikel" role="navigation"><span class="hauptartikel-pfeil" title="siehe" aria-hidden="true" role="presentation">→&nbsp;</span><i><span class="hauptartikel-text">Hauptartikel</span>: <a href="Diskreter_Logarithmus" title="Diskreter Logarithmus">Diskreter Logarithmus</a></i></div>
<p>Diskrete Logarithmen sind Lösungen von Gleichungen der Form
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle a^{n}=\underbrace {a\circ a\circ \dotsb \circ a} _{n{\text{-mal}}}=b}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>=</mo>
<munder>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-OP MJX-fixedlimits">
<munder>
<mrow>
<mi>a</mi>
<mo>∘<!-- ∘ --></mo>
<mi>a</mi>
<mo>∘<!-- ∘ --></mo>
<mo>⋯<!-- ⋯ --></mo>
<mo>∘<!-- ∘ --></mo>
<mi>a</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>⏟<!-- ⏟ --></mo>
</munder>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext>-mal</mtext>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</munder>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>b</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle a^{n}=\underbrace {a\circ a\circ \dotsb \circ a} _{n{\text{-mal}}}=b}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/1ab73c1e2fbeea60e5a251f9c5a48b954e325ede.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.671ex; width:22.64ex; height:5.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle a^{n}=\underbrace {a\circ a\circ \dotsb \circ a} _{n{\text{-mal}}}=b}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>über einer endlichen <a href="Zyklische_Gruppe" title="Zyklische Gruppe">zyklischen Gruppe</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle (G,\circ )=\langle a\rangle }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>G</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mo>∘<!-- ∘ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟨<!-- ⟨ --></mo>
<mi>a</mi>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩<!-- ⟩ --></mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle (G,\circ )=\langle a\rangle }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/65307a3feb22769aa4198d31afa974db78c0d845.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:11.97ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle (G,\circ )=\langle a\rangle }" loading="lazy"></span>.
Der diskrete Logarithmus <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>x</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/87f9e315fd7e2ba406057a97300593c4802b53e4.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.33ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x}" loading="lazy"></span> von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle b}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>b</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle b}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f11423fbb2e967f986e36804a8ae4271734917c3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:0.998ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle b}" loading="lazy"></span> zur Basis <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle a}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>a</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle a}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ffd2487510aa438433a2579450ab2b3d557e5edc.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.23ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle a}" loading="lazy"></span> ist <a href="Modulo" class="mw-redirect" title="Modulo">modulo</a> der <a href="Gruppenordnung" class="mw-redirect" title="Gruppenordnung">Gruppenordnung</a> von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle G}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>G</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle G}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f5f3c8921a3b352de45446a6789b104458c9f90b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.827ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle G}" loading="lazy"></span> eindeutig bestimmt und existiert – da <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle a}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>a</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle a}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ffd2487510aa438433a2579450ab2b3d557e5edc.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.23ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle a}" loading="lazy"></span> ein Erzeuger der Gruppe ist – für alle Elemente der Gruppe.
</p><p>Diskrete Logarithmen sind im Sinne der <a href="Komplexit%C3%A4tstheorie" title="Komplexitätstheorie">Komplexitätstheorie</a> für viele Gruppen aufwändig zu berechnen und finden Anwendung in der <a href="Kryptographie" title="Kryptographie">Kryptographie</a>, etwa in auf <a href="Elliptic_Curve_Cryptography" title="Elliptic Curve Cryptography">elliptischen Kurven basierenden Kryptosystemen</a>.
</p><p><i>Beispiel:</i>
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 2^{x}{\bmod {1}}1=5}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mn>2</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>x</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo lspace="thickmathspace" rspace="thickmathspace">mod</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>5</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 2^{x}{\bmod {1}}1=5}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/0cfdfa2be9ba329e0746a27bfe964ba71ca2d8ce.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:14.602ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 2^{x}{\bmod {1}}1=5}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>hat als Lösung den Wert&nbsp;4, denn es gilt 2<sup>4</sup> = 16, und 16 lässt den Rest 5 bei <a href="Division_mit_Rest" title="Division mit Rest">Division mit Rest</a> durch 11. Die Lösung ist eindeutig modulo 10, also modulo der Gruppenordnung von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle (\mathbb {Z} \,/\,11\,\mathbb {Z} )^{\times }}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">Z</mi>
</mrow>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>/</mo>
</mrow>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mn>11</mn>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">Z</mi>
</mrow>
<msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>×<!-- × --></mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle (\mathbb {Z} \,/\,11\,\mathbb {Z} )^{\times }}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c24842ed97f9b372217c3997e22e4248e8cb66dd.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:11.069ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle (\mathbb {Z} \,/\,11\,\mathbb {Z} )^{\times }}" loading="lazy"></span>. Dementsprechend ist mit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>x</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/87f9e315fd7e2ba406057a97300593c4802b53e4.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.33ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x}" loading="lazy"></span> auch <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x\pm 10}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>±<!-- ± --></mo>
<mn>10</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x\pm 10}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/54a834e2bb746b646f5f17e615485b7a62cc0545.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:6.495ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x\pm 10}" loading="lazy"></span> eine Lösung der Kongruenz.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literatur">Literatur</h2></div>
<ul><li>Charles Naux: <i>Histoire des Logarithmes de Neper a Euler.</i> Tome I, II. Blanchard, Paris 1966, 1971.</li>
<li>Wolfgang Walter: <i>Analysis I. Grundwissen Mathematik</i>. Band 3. Springer, Berlin 1985, ISBN 3-540-12780-1.</li>
<li>Klaus Jänich: <i>Funktionentheorie. Eine Einführung.</i> Springer, Berlin 2004, ISBN 3-540-20392-3.</li>
<li><a href="Ilja_Nikolajewitsch_Bronschtein" title="Ilja Nikolajewitsch Bronschtein">I. N. Bronstein</a>, <a href="Konstantin_Adolfowitsch_Semendjajew" title="Konstantin Adolfowitsch Semendjajew">K. A. Semendjajew</a>, G. Musiol, H. Mühlig (Hrsg.): <cite style="font-style:italic">Taschenbuch der Mathematik</cite>. 10., überarbeitete Auflage. Europa-Lehrmittel, Haan-Gruiten 2016, ISBN 978-3-8085-5790-7.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Logarithmus&amp;rft.btitle=Taschenbuch+der+Mathematik&amp;rft.date=2016&amp;rft.edition=10.%2C+%C3%BCberarbeitete&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=9783808557907&amp;rft.place=Haan-Gruiten&amp;rft.pub=Europa-Lehrmittel" style="display:none">&nbsp;</span></li>
<li><a href="Ernst_Hairer" title="Ernst Hairer">Ernst Hairer</a>, <a href="Gerhard_Wanner_(Mathematiker)" title="Gerhard Wanner (Mathematiker)">Gerhard Wanner</a>: <cite style="font-style:italic">Analysis in historischer Entwicklung</cite>. Springer-Verlag, Berlin / Heidelberg 2011, ISBN 978-3-642-13766-2.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Logarithmus&amp;rft.au=Ernst+Hairer%2C+Gerhard+Wanner&amp;rft.btitle=Analysis+in+historischer+Entwicklung&amp;rft.date=2011&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=9783642137662&amp;rft.place=Berlin+%2F+Heidelberg&amp;rft.pub=Springer-Verlag" style="display:none">&nbsp;</span></li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Weblinks">Weblinks</h2></div>
<div class="sisterproject" style="margin:0.1em 0 0 0;"><div class="noviewer" style="display:inline-block; line-height:10px; min-width:1.6em; text-align:center;" aria-hidden="true" role="presentation"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Wikibooks"></span></span></div><b><a href="https://de.wikibooks.org/wiki/Mathematrix:_Kompass/_Exponential_und_Logarithmus_Funktion/_Logarithmus" class="extiw external" title="b:Mathematrix: Kompass/ Exponential und Logarithmus Funktion/ Logarithmus">Wikibooks: <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\color {BlueViolet}{\begin{smallmatrix}{\mathbf {MATHE} \mu \alpha T\mathbb {R} ix}\end{smallmatrix}}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle mathcolor="#473992">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle scriptlevel="1">
<mtable rowspacing=".2em" columnspacing="0.333em" displaystyle="false">
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">M</mi>
<mi mathvariant="bold">A</mi>
<mi mathvariant="bold">T</mi>
<mi mathvariant="bold">H</mi>
<mi mathvariant="bold">E</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>μ<!-- μ --></mi>
<mi>α<!-- α --></mi>
<mi>T</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">R</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>i</mi>
<mi>x</mi>
</mrow>
</mtd>
</mtr>
</mtable>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\color {BlueViolet}{\begin{smallmatrix}{\mathbf {MATHE} \mu \alpha T\mathbb {R} ix}\end{smallmatrix}}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/71f3bc3a8be9094ed6450336c9d0029276df282b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.342ex; margin-bottom: -0.33ex; width:13.904ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\color {BlueViolet}{\begin{smallmatrix}{\mathbf {MATHE} \mu \alpha T\mathbb {R} ix}\end{smallmatrix}}}}" loading="lazy"></span> Mathematik für die Schule</a></b>&nbsp;– Logarithmus</div>
<div class="sisterproject" style="margin:0.1em 0 0 0;"><div class="noviewer" style="display:inline-block; line-height:10px; min-width:1.6em; text-align:center;" aria-hidden="true" role="presentation"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Wikibooks"></span></span></div><b><a href="https://de.wikibooks.org/wiki/Beweisarchiv:_Arithmetik:_Erweiterte_Rechenarten:_Logarithmus:_Logarithmengesetze" class="extiw external" title="b:Beweisarchiv: Arithmetik: Erweiterte Rechenarten: Logarithmus: Logarithmengesetze">Wikibooks: Logarithmengesetze</a></b>&nbsp;– Lern- und Lehrmaterialien</div>
<div class="sisterproject" style="margin:0.1em 0 0 0;"><span class="noviewer" style="display:inline-block; line-height:10px; min-width:1.6em; text-align:center;" aria-hidden="true" role="presentation"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Wiktionary"></span></span></span><b><a href="https://de.wiktionary.org/wiki/Logarithmus" class="extiw external" title="wikt:Logarithmus">Wiktionary: Logarithmus</a></b>&nbsp;– Bedeutungserklärungen, Wortherkunft, Synonyme, Übersetzungen</div>
<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://portal.dnb.de/opac.htm?method=simpleSearch&amp;query=4168047-9">Literatur von und über Logarithmus</a> im Katalog der <a href="Deutsche_Nationalbibliothek" title="Deutsche Nationalbibliothek">Deutschen Nationalbibliothek</a></li>
<li><a href="Eric_Weisstein" title="Eric Weisstein">Eric W. Weisstein</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mathworld.wolfram.com/Logarithm.html"><i>Logarithm</i>.</a> In: <i><a href="MathWorld" title="MathWorld">MathWorld</a></i> (englisch).</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160203034101/http://www.madeasy.de/2/log.htm">Logarithmen</a>, Archivlink abgerufen am 23. Dezember 2025</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mathematik.net/logarithmen/0-inhalt-1.htm">Logarithmen und Logarithmusgesetze.</a> (Onlinekurs, Übungen, Applets und Links)</li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Einzelnachweise">Einzelnachweise</h2></div>
<ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Zum Beispiel C. Knott (Hrsg.): <i>Napier Tercentenary Volume.</i> 1915, S.&nbsp;83&nbsp;f.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Kathleen Clark, Clemency Montelle: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.maa.org/publications/periodicals/convergence/logarithms-the-early-history-of-a-familiar-function-before-logarithms-the-computational-demands-of"><i>Logarithms. The early history of a familiar function.</i></a> Auf: <i>MAA.org.</i></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">John Napier: <i>Mirifici logarithmorum canonis descriptio ejusque usus in utraque trigonometria etc.</i> Edinburgh 1614 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.17centurymaths.com/contents/napiercontents.html">Englische Übersetzung von Ian Bruce von Napier: <i>Mirifici Logarithmorum Canonis Descriptio.</i> u.&nbsp;a.</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="cite">Jeff Miller: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jeff560.tripod.com/l.html"><i>Earliest Known Uses of Some of the Words of Mathematics (L).</i></a><span class="Abrufdatum"> Abgerufen am 29.&nbsp;August 2009</span> (englisch).</span><span style="display: none;" class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adc&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fde.wikipedia.org%3ALogarithmus&amp;rft.title=Earliest+Known+Uses+of+Some+of+the+Words+of+Mathematics+%28L%29&amp;rft.description=Earliest+Known+Uses+of+Some+of+the+Words+of+Mathematics+%28L%29&amp;rft.identifier=http%3A%2F%2Fjeff560.tripod.com%2Fl.html&amp;rft.creator=Jeff+Miller&amp;rft.language=en">&nbsp;</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="cite"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dtmath.net/citations"><i>Citations - Pierre-Simon De Laplace (1749–1827).</i></a><span class="Abrufdatum"> Abgerufen am 14.&nbsp;Juni 2018</span> (französisch).</span><span style="display: none;" class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adc&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fde.wikipedia.org%3ALogarithmus&amp;rft.title=Citations+-+Pierre-Simon+De+Laplace+%281749%E2%80%931827%29&amp;rft.description=Citations+-+Pierre-Simon+De+Laplace+%281749%E2%80%931827%29&amp;rft.identifier=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dtmath.net%2Fcitations&amp;rft.language=fr">&nbsp;</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Wissenschaftliche_Zeitschrift_der_Humboldt-Universität_zu_Berlin-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Wissenschaftliche_Zeitschrift_der_Humboldt-Universität_zu_Berlin_6-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Wissenschaftliche Zeitschrift der Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin. 38, 1989, S. 5.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Lothar Kusch: <i>Mathematik, Bd 1: Arithmetik. Algebra, Reihenlehre, Nomographie.</i> W. Girardet, Essen 1975, ISBN 3-7736-2755-6, S.&nbsp;162 f.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Lorentzen_2008-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Lorentzen_2008_8-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">L. Lorentzen, H. Waadeland: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/bbm%3A978-94-91216-37-4%2F1">A.2.2 <i>The exponential function</i>.</a> (PDF; 432&nbsp;kB) <i>Continued Fractions</i>. Atlantis Studies in Mathematics, 2008, S.&nbsp;271. <a href="https://doi.org/10.2991/978-94-91216-37-4" class="extiw external" title="doi:10.2991/978-94-91216-37-4">doi:10.2991/978-94-91216-37-4</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Da <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \tanh }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>tanh</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \tanh }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b1494d5d222bc80846ce45e804a38b0ea37e846b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:4.652ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \tanh }" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \operatorname {artanh} }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>artanh</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \operatorname {artanh} }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/17ac4feb3bc13f90ef6b4a5623a63e9f8e95a1c8.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:6.726ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \operatorname {artanh} }" loading="lazy"></span> <a href="Umkehrfunktion" title="Umkehrfunktion">Umkehrfunktionen</a> voneinander sind, sind die <a href="Gruppenaxiome" class="mw-redirect" title="Gruppenaxiome">Gruppenaxiome</a> leicht nachgerechnet. Das Inverse <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \ominus u}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo>⊖<!-- ⊖ --></mo>
<mi>u</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \ominus u}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b14c2d8473eb1b8018e35bf866371a1dc163d923.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:3.138ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \ominus u}" loading="lazy"></span> von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle u}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>u</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle u}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c3e6bb763d22c20916ed4f0bb6bd49d7470cffd8.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.33ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle u}" loading="lazy"></span> ist wegen der <a href="Gerade_und_ungerade_Funktionen" title="Gerade und ungerade Funktionen">Ungeradheit</a> dieser Funktionen <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle =-u.}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo>=</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>u</mi>
<mo>.</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle =-u.}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/bbae144641239af42768933e02201857c00c0841.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:6.238ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle =-u.}" loading="lazy"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Mayer Goldberg: <cite style="font-style:italic">Computing Logarithms Digit-by-Digit</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">BRICS Report Series</cite>. RS-04-17. BRICS, Department of Computer Science University of Aarhus., September 2004, <a href="Internationale_Standardnummer_f%C3%BCr_fortlaufende_Sammelwerke" title="Internationale Standardnummer für fortlaufende Sammelwerke">ISSN</a>&nbsp;<span style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zdb-katalog.de/list.xhtml?t=iss%3D%220909-0878%22&amp;key=cql">0909-0878</a></span> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.brics.dk/RS/04/17/BRICS-RS-04-17.pdf">brics.dk</a> [PDF]).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Logarithmus&amp;rft.atitle=Computing+Logarithms+Digit-by-Digit&amp;rft.au=Mayer+Goldberg&amp;rft.date=2004-09&amp;rft.genre=journal&amp;rft.issn=0909-0878&amp;rft.jtitle=BRICS+Report+Series&amp;rft.pub=BRICS%2C+Department+of+Computer+Science+University+of+Aarhus.&amp;rft.volume=RS-04-17" style="display:none">&nbsp;</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Clay S. Turner: <cite style="font-style:italic">A Fast Binary Logarithm Algorithm</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">IEEE Signal Processing Magazine</cite>. Issue 5. IEEE, September 2010, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>124&nbsp;-&nbsp;140</span> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.claysturner.com/dsp/binarylogarithm.pdf">claysturner.com</a> [PDF]).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Logarithmus&amp;rft.atitle=A+Fast+Binary+Logarithm+Algorithm&amp;rft.au=Clay+S.+Turner&amp;rft.date=2010-09&amp;rft.genre=journal&amp;rft.issue=Issue+5&amp;rft.jtitle=IEEE+Signal+Processing+Magazine&amp;rft.pages=124+-+140&amp;rft.pub=IEEE" style="display:none">&nbsp;</span></span>
</li>
</ol>
<div class="hintergrundfarbe1 rahmenfarbe1 navigation-not-searchable normdaten-typ-s" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; clear: left; margin-bottom:1em; margin-top:1em; padding: 0.25em; overflow: hidden; word-break: break-word; word-wrap: break-word;" id="normdaten">
<div style="display: table-cell; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%;">
<div>
Normdaten&nbsp;(Sachbegriff): <a href="Gemeinsame_Normdatei" title="Gemeinsame Normdatei">GND</a>: <span class="-print"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4168047-9">4168047-9</a></span> | <a href="Library_of_Congress_Control_Number" title="Library of Congress Control Number">LCCN</a>: <span class="-print"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85078091">sh85078091</a></span> | <a href="Web_NDL_Authorities" title="Web NDL Authorities">NDL</a>: <span class="-print"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlsh/00572566">00572566</a></span> </div>
</div></div></div><!--htdig_noindex--><div><div class="zim-footer">
Dieser Artikel wurde von <a class="external text" title="Zuletzt bearbeitet am 2026-01-14" href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Logarithmus&amp;oldid=263327053">Wikipedia</a> herausgegeben. Der Text ist unter <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.de">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> verfügbar, sofern nicht anders angegeben. Für die Mediendateien können zusätzliche Bedingungen gelten.
</div>
</div><!--/htdig_noindex--></div>
</div>
</main>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<script src="./_webp_/webpHandler.js"></script>

</body></html>